泰国南部石笋记录的晚全新世早期水文气候变化研究

殷建军; 许琦; SIRIPORNPIBUL Chaiporn; SIRIPATTARAPUREENON Russarint; 吴夏; 唐伟; 程海; 宁有丰; 秦正峰

doi:10.11932/karst20230307

泰国南部石笋记录的晚全新世早期水文气候变化研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20230307

1.
自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心/中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所, 广西桂林 541004
2.
泰国自然资源与环境部矿产资源厅, 泰国曼谷 10400
3.
西安交通大学全球环境变化研究院, 陕西西安 712000

基金项目: 中国地质调查局“一带一路”重点区岩溶地质调查与编图（DD20221808）；中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目（2021002）；中国地质调查局“一带一路”重点区岩溶地质环境对比与编图（DD20190452）

详细信息

作者简介:
殷建军（1985－），男，副研究员，博士。主要从事岩溶环境与全球变化研究。E-mail：jianjunyin@foxmail.com

通讯作者:
许琦（1984－），男，高级工程师，在读博士研究生。主要从事国际合作岩溶地质调查研究。E-mail：xuqi@mail.cgs.gov.cn

中图分类号: P532
计量
- 文章访问数: 122
- HTML浏览量: 39
- PDF下载量: 39
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-08
- 录用日期: 2022-09-13
- 刊出日期: 2023-06-30

Hydroclimate variability in early stage of late Holocene recorded by stalagmite from Southern Thailand

1.
Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR&GZAR/ International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO/Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
2.
Department of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
3.
Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China

摘要

摘要: 中晚全新世气候转型期（4.2 ka事件）气候变化对全球多地古文明产生了重要影响，但该事件是否为一次全球性的气候事件，目前仍存在一定的争议。因此，针对该事件有必要开展全球范围的研究工作。文章以泰国南部洞穴石笋为研究对象，通过年代学研究、碳氧稳定同位素测试分析重建了该区域晚全新世早期水文气候变化历史。研究结果显示，该区域水文气候响应亚洲夏季风变化，晚全新世早期夏季风降水呈现逐渐减少的趋势。两次年代际干旱事件（距今3 850−3 840年和距今3 805−3 795年）主要受到太阳活动减弱和厄尔尼诺事件的影响。总体而言，该区域水文气候变化受到热带辐合带（ITCZ）位置南北移动的控制。
- 亚洲夏季风 /
- 石笋 /
- 水文气候 /
- 晚全新世早期 /
- 泰国南部
Abstract: The climate change during the transition of the middle-to-late Holocene (4.2 ka event) is linked to the collapse of many paleo-cultures worldwide. However, it is still controversial in the following two questions, Is the 4.2 ka event global, and what is the relationship between the climate change and its societal effect? Though it is difficult to identify the relationship, we can construct paleoclimate records from different places all over the world to identify whether the 4.2 ka event is global. In the karst survey in 2019, we found many ancient cultural remains in caves of Southern Thailand, and the time span of many remains covers the 4.2 ka event. However, there are relatively few records on the 4.2 ka event with high precision and high resolution that can reveal the climate and environment in this area. To better understand the 4.2 ka event, we choose the stalagmite record from Phet Cave in Southern Thailand to verify the event in a tropical area.The climate in Southern Thailand is dominated by the tropical monsoon system. The mean values of annual temperature and precipitation are 27.1 ℃ and 2,390 mm, respectively. Precipitation in the rainy season from May to November accounts for 76% of the annual value. The Phet Cave (8°23′36″N, 98°46′26″E, 54 m a.s.l.) is a dry underground river cave developed along the local fault, and the cave environment is relatively stable. The stalagmite D008-05 is a pure aragonite stalagmite with a length of about 18 cm and a diameter of 5-6 cm. To determine the age of the stalagmite, 10 powder subsamples were collected for ²³⁰Th/U dating through the Neptune MC-ICP-MS in the Isotope Laboratory of Xi'an Jiaotong University. We got the dating results with relatively high precision-high uranium and low ²³²Th concentration. The age model was constructed through the StalAge. We confirm that the stalagmite grew in the early stage of the Late Holocene, from 3,738 a B.P. to 3,906 a B.P., and the mean growth rate was 0.95 mm·a⁻¹. We drilled the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C samples from the top of the stalagmite with an interval of 1 mm, and a total of 160 samples were collected. Then we obtained an annual resolution for the high growth rate. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C were analyzed through a MAT 253 mass spectrometer equipped with a Kiel IV carbonate device at the Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. Previous studies suggest that the moisture source of precipitation in the rainy season of Southern Thailand is mainly from the Bay of Bengal, and the precipitation δ¹⁸O in this area is mainly influenced by the local convective activity and rainfall amount. Therefore, we suggest that the stalagmite δ¹⁸O can be used to reflect the rainfall amount in this area. The synchronous variation of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C also suggests that both the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C can be used to reflect the hydroclimate change in Southern Thailand. The relationship between precipitation and stalagmite δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C is shown as follows,heavy precipitation is correlated with lower δ¹⁸O in precipitation/stalagmite, and lower soil CO₂ δ¹³C, and no prior calcite deposition (PCP) occurs in the aquifer, and thus leading to higher stalagmite δ¹³C, and vice versa for low precipitation. The decreasing trend of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of the overall stalagmite D008-05 is following the decline of Asian summer monsoon intensity, which is dominated by the decrease of north hemispheric summer insolation in the tropical area. Two decadal-scale drought events were identified between 3,850-3,840 a B.P. and 3,805-3,795 a B.P. The spatial comparison result indicates that these two events happened in many places in the Asian monsoon region. In addition, we found the hydroclimate change in Southern Thailand is dominated by the south-north movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and it is also influenced by the solar activities and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) state in the interannual-to-decadal timescales. Strong solar activates will produce more summer monsoon rainfall in Southern Thailand, whereas weak solar activities will induce less summer monsoon rainfall in Southern Thailand. Different from solar activities, the relationship between the ENSO state and summer monsoon rainfall is as follows: in the El Niño state, the summer monsoon rainfall is suppressed, and in the La Niña state, the summer monsoon rainfall is enhanced. We found that the dry trend during the 4.2 ka event had a potential effect on the paleo-culture in Southeast Asia, which caused the change of subsistence pattern from hunting and gathering to crop cultivation and domesticating pigs. As the decrease of precipitation and sea level, more land was outcropped near the river, seacoast, and river delta, which provided more land for rice planting. Besides, the improvement of production tools by culture exchanges also led to life style change in Southeast Asia.
- Asian summer monsoon /
- stalagmite /
- hydroclimate /
- early stage of late Holocene /
- Southern Thailand.

HTML

图 1 泰国Phet洞及相关洞穴分布（蓝色流场线为1971-2010年夏季整层水汽通量流场线）

Figure 1. Location of Phet Cave and others in this study (The blue streamlines are integrated mean vapor flux from surface to 300 mb in June-July-August)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 D008-05石笋剖面及年代模式（年代模式基于StalAge年代模式建立）

Figure 2. Polished profile (upper panel) and Age model (lower panel) of stalagmite D008-05 (The age model was constructed based on StalAge)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 泰国南部Phet洞D008-05石笋δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C与伊拉克Kuna Ba洞石笋δ¹⁸O^[16]、印度Mawmluh洞石笋δ¹⁸O^[7]及中国董哥洞DA石笋δ¹⁸O^[17]对比（红色虚线为各石笋记录δ¹⁸O/δ¹³C变化趋势线；黄色条带突出两个夏季风减弱时段）

Figure 3. Comparison of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C records of stalagmite D008-05 from Phet Cave, Southern Thailand, δ¹⁸O records from Kuna Ba Cave, Iraq, Mawmluh Cave, India and Dongge Cave, China (Red dash lines represent the variation trend of δ¹⁸O/δ¹³C of stalagmite records; yellow bars highlight the weakening period of summer monsoon)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 泰国南部D008-05石笋δ¹⁸O记录(c)与太阳活动^[19](a)、加勒比海Cariaco盆地Ti元素^[18](b)对比（红色虚线为各石笋记录δ¹⁸O/δ¹³C变化趋势线；黄色条带突出两个夏季风减弱时段）

Figure 4. Comparison of δ¹⁸O record of stalagmite D008-05(c), solar activities^[19](a) and Ti from Cariaco basin^[18](b) (Red dash lines represent the variation trend of δ¹⁸O/δ¹³C of stalagmite records; yellow bars highlight the weakening period of summer monsoon)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 泰国南部Phet洞D008-05石笋²³⁰Th/U系定年结果表

Table 1. ²³⁰Th/U series dating results of stalagmite D008-05 from Phet Cave, Southern Thailand

样品编号	采样深度距顶/mm	²³⁸U /×10⁻⁹	²³²Th /×10⁻¹²	²³⁰Th/²³²Th /原子比×10⁻⁶	δ²³⁴U* (测量值)	²³⁰Th/²³⁸U (活度比)	²³⁰Th 年龄 (年) (未校正)	²³⁰Th 年龄 (年，距1950年) (已校正)	δ²³⁴U_初始值 (校正值)
D008-05-9	1	31 983±84	6 066±130	3 451±78	158.2±2.3	0.039 7±0.000 3	3 800±32	3 723±32	160±2
D008-05-1	4	26 679±263	7 053±163	2 484±58	158.2±4.4	0.039 8±0.000 4	3 813±44	3 735±44	160±4
D008-05-10	10	18 621±66	10 433±222	1 195±28	159.4±2.7	0.040 6±0.000 4	3 886±43	3 800±44	161±3
D008-05-2	21	23 685±114	4 669±138	3 405±110	159.5±2.6	0.040 7±0.000 6	3 894±58	3 817±58	161±3
D008-05-3	30	24 715±80	2 914±61	5 703±119	161.7±2.4	0.040 8±0.000 2	3 895±17	3 821±17	163±2
D008-05-4	53	26 429±129	6 989±177	2 529±75	157.9±2.7	0.040 6±0.000 6	3 885±64	3 807±64	160±3
D008-05-5	91	23 751±71	24 290±492	674±14	157.4±2.0	0.041 8±0.000 1	4 008±16	3 912±24	159±2
D008-05-6	97	34 097±86	1 339±39	17 095±501	158.3±2.2	0.0407±0.000 2	3 900±21	3 827±21	160±2
D008-05-7	127	27 956±120	13 042±283	1 406±39	156.5±2.7	0.039 8±0.0007	3 813±70	3 729±70	158±3
D008-05-11	158	27 320±81	1 449±66	12 739±583	155.3±1.8	0.041 0±0.000 3	3 934±31	3 861±31	157±2
注：衰变常数采用λ₂₃₈ = 1.551 25×10⁻¹⁰ ^[14]，λ₂₃₄ = 2.822 06×10⁻⁶^[12]和λ₂₃₀ = 9.170 5×10⁻⁶^[12]。δ²³⁴U = ([²³⁴U/²³⁸U]_活度-1)×10³。δ²³⁴U_初始值的校正采用公式δ²³⁴U_初始值 = δ²³⁴U_测量值×e^λ234×T，其中T为测试结果年龄。²³⁰Th年龄校正采用²³⁰Th/²³²Th初始值为4.4±2.2×10⁻⁶。 Note: The value of the decay constant is λ₂₃₈ = 1.55125 ×10⁻¹⁰^[14], λ₂₃₄ = 2.82206 ×10⁻⁶^[12] and λ₂₃₀ = 9.1705 ×10⁻⁶^[12]. δ²³⁴U = ([²³⁴U/²³⁸U] _activity -1)× 10³, the correction of δ²³⁴U initial value is based on δ²³⁴U_{initial value} =δ²³⁴U_{measured value}×e^λ234×T, in which T is the test result age. ²³⁰Th age adjustment was based on ²³⁰Th/²³²Th with the initial value of 4.4±2.2×10⁻⁶.

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(24)

[1]	Carolin S A, Walker R T, Day C C, Ersek V, Sloan R A, Dee M W, Talebian M, Henderson G M. Precise timing of abrupt increase in dust activity in the Middle East coincident with 4.2 ka social change[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116(1):67-72. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1808103115
[2]	Kathayat G, Cheng Hai, Sinha A, Yi Liang, Li Xianglei, Zhang Haiwei, Li Hanying, Ning Youfeng, Edwards R L. The Indian monsoon variability and civilization changes in the Indian subcontinent[J]. Science Advances, 2017, 3(12):e1701296. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1701296
[3]	He Keyang, Lu Houyuan, Sun Guoping, Ji Xiang, Wang Yonglei, Yan Kaikai, Zuo Xinxin, Zhang Jiangping, Liu Bin, Wang Ningyuan. Multi-proxy evidence of environmental change related to collapse of the Liangzhu Culture in the Yangtze Delta, China[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2021, 64(6):890-905. doi: 10.1007/s11430-020-9767-5
[4]	Marshall M. Did a megadrought seed global chaos 4,200 years age?[J]. Nature, 2022, 601: 498-501.
[5]	Scroxton N, Burns S J, McGee D, Godfrey L R, Ranivoharimanana L, Faina P. Circum-Indian ocean hydroclimate at the mid to late Holocene transition: The double drought hypothesis and consequences for the Harappan[J]. Climate of the Past Discussions, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-138.
[6]	Scroxton N, Burns S J, McGee D, Godfrey L R, Ranivoharimanana L, Faina P. Possible expression of the 4.2 kyr event in Madagascar and the South-east African monsoon[J]. Climate of the Past Discussions, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-137.
[7]	Kathayat G, Cheng Hai, Sinha A, Berkelhammer M, Zhang Haiwei, Duan Pengzhen, Li Hanying, Li Xianglei, Ning Youfeng, Edwards R L. Evaluating the timing and structure of the 4.2 ka event in the Indian summer monsoon domain from an annually resolved speleothem record from Northeast India[J]. Climate of the Past, 2018, 14(12):1869-1879. doi: 10.5194/cp-14-1869-2018
[8]	Chawchai S, Chabangborn A, Kylander M, Löwemark L, Mörth C-M, Blaauw M, Klubseang W, Reimer P J, Fritz S C, Wohlfarth B. Lake Kumphawapi—an archive of Holocene palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes in Northeast Thailand[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2013, 68:59-75. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.030
[9]	Chawchai S, Chabangborn A, Fritz S, Väliranta M, Mörth C-M, Blaauw M, Reimer P J, Krusic P J, Löwemark L, Wohlfarth B. Hydroclimatic shifts in Northeast Thailand during the last two millennia: The record of Lake Pa Kho[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2015, 111:62-71. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.007
[10]	White J C. Emergence of cultural diversity in mainland Southeast Asia: A view from prehistory[M]//Enfield N J (Eds.). Dynamics of Human Diversity, Pacific Linguistics, 2011, 9-46.
[11]	Edwards R L, Chen J H, Wasserburg G J. ²³⁸U-²³⁴U-²³⁰Th-²³²Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over the past 500,000 years[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1987, 81(2-3):175-192. doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(87)90154-3
[12]	Cheng Hai, Edwards R L, Shen Chuanchou, Polyak V J, Asmerom Y, Woodhead J, Hellstrom J, Wang Yongjin, Kong Xinggong, Spötl C. Improvements in ²³⁰Th dating, ²³⁰Th and ²³⁴U half-life values, and U-Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2013, 371-372:82-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2013.04.006
[13]	Scholz D, Hoffmann D L. StalAge-An algorithm designed for construction of speleothem age models[J]. Quaternary Geochronology, 2011, 6:369-382. doi: 10.1016/j.quageo.2011.02.002
[14]	Jaffey A H, Flynn K F, Glendenin L E, Bentley W T, Essling A M. Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U[J]. Physical Review C, 1971, 4(5): 1889-1906.
[15]	Wei Zhongwang, Lee Xuhui, Liu Zhongfang, Seeboonruang U, Koike M, Yoshimura K. Influences of large-scale convection and moisture source on monthly precipitation isotope ratios observed in Thailand, Southeast Asia[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2018, 488:181-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2018.02.015
[16]	Sinha A, Kathayat G, Weiss H, Li Hanying, Cheng Hai, Reuter J, Schneider A W, Berkelhammer M, Adali S F, Stott L D, Edwards R L. Role of climate in the rise and fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire[J]. Science Advances, 2019, 5:eaax6656. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6656
[17]	Wang Yongjin, Cheng Hai, Edwards R L, He Yaoqi, Kong Xinggong, An Zhisheng, Wu Jiangying, Kelly M J, Dykoski C A, Li Xiangdong. The Holocene Asian monsoon: Links to solar changes and North Atlantic Climate[J]. Science, 2005, 308(5723):854-857. doi: 10.1126/science.1106296
[18]	Haug G H, Hughen K A, Sigman D M, Peterson L C, Röhl U. Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene[J]. Science, 2001, 293:1304-1308. doi: 10.1126/science.1059725
[19]	Steinhilber F, Beer J, Fröhlich C. Total solar irradiance during the Holocene[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2009, 36(19):L19704. doi: 10.1029/2009GL040142
[20]	Zhang Yaze, Zong Yongqiang, Xiong Haixian, Li Tanghua, Fu Shuqing, Huang Guangqing, Zheng Zhuo. The middle-to-late Holocene relative sea-level history, highstand and levering effect on the east coast of Malay Peninsula[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2021, 196:103369. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103369
[21]	Ma Ting, Rolett B V, Zheng Zhuo, Zong Yongqiang. Holocene coastal evolution preceded the expansion of paddy field rice farming[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020, 117(39):24138-24143. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1919217117
[22]	White J C. Dating early Bronze at Ban Chiang, Thailand[C]//Pauteau J P, Coupey A S, Zeitoun V, Rambault E (Eds.). From Homo erectus to the living traditions: Choice of papers from the 11th international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Bougon: 2006, 91-104.
[23]	White J C, Penny D, Kealhofer L, Maloney B. Vegetation changes from the late Pleistocene through the Holocene from three areas of archaeological significance in Thailand[J]. Quaternary International, 2004, 113:111-132. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2003.09.001
[24]	赵春光. 从泰国班考遗址看华南与大陆东南亚新石器时代文化的关系[J]. 江汉考古, 2021, 172:97-106. ZHAO Chunguang. Contacts of neolithic cultures in the Mainland Southeast Asia and South China: Evidence from the Ban Kao site in Thailand[J]. Jianghan Archaeology, 2021, 172:97-106.