九寨沟火花海堤坝修复后的水化学与钙华沉积研究

刘秦; 晏浩; 肖维阳; 肖瑶; 周率; 谢瑶; 乔雪; 唐亚

doi:10.11932/karst20230302

九寨沟火花海堤坝修复后的水化学与钙华沉积研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20230302

刘秦^1,,
晏浩²,
肖维阳³,
肖瑶⁴,
周率³,
谢瑶¹,
乔雪^{4, 5, ,},
唐亚^{1, 5}

1.
四川大学建筑与环境学院, 四川成都 610065
2.
南京大学地球科学与工程学院国际同位素效应研究中心, 江苏南京 210023
3.
九寨沟国家级自然保护区管理局, 四川阿坝藏族羌族自治州 623402
4.
四川大学新能源与低碳技术研究院, 四川成都 610065
5.
四川大学水力学与山区河流开发保护国家重点实验室, 四川成都 610065

基金项目: 四川省灾后重建遗产保护恢复专项（5132202019000128，5132202020000046）; 四川省科技厅国际科技合作项目（2020YFH0023）

详细信息

作者简介:
刘秦（1998－），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为环境生态学。E-mail：lqin.1998@foxmail.com

通讯作者:
乔雪（1984－），女，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为环境生态学。E-mail：qiao.xue@scu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P512.2;P641.134
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- 文章访问数: 105
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-06-13
- 刊出日期: 2023-06-30

Water chemistry and tufa deposition on the restored dam of Huohua Lake in the Jiuzhai Valley

LIU Qin^1
,,
YAN Hao²,
XIAO Weiyang³,
XIAO Yao⁴,
ZHOU Lyu³,
XIE Yao¹,
QIAO Xue^{4, 5
, ,},
TANG Ya^{1, 5}

1.
College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
2.
International Center for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
3.
Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve Administration, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan 623402, China
4.
Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
5.
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China

摘要

摘要: 钙华的主要成分是以方解石为主的碳酸钙（CaCO₃）。2017年九寨沟7.0级地震导致火花海下游钙华堤坝溃堤，火花海干涸。火花海上下游的钙华堤坝和内部的钙华丘暴露在空气中，因物理与化学风化作用，钙华堤坝持续坍塌；虽然在有水的情况下，钙华也可能受到侵蚀，但因地表水会不断析出新的钙华，使钙华景观不断地进行“自我修复”。火花海钙华堤坝决口修复后，对其开展相关监测，结果表明：（1）地表水的方解石饱和指数大于0，表明地表水倾向于析出CaCO₃，利于涵养现有钙华堤坝；（2）堤坝表面上有新的钙华沉积：基于碳氧同位素、矿物和元素分析，新沉积的钙华可能主要来自地表水；（3）新沉积钙华的成分受流域水土流失的一定影响；（4）与天然堤坝上原有的钙华相比，修复堤坝上新沉积的钙华在物理结构、痕量元素组成和有机质含量上具有一定差异，且细菌多样性相对较低，这主要是由于修复堤坝上植被以自然恢复为主，植被和钙华中微生物的自然恢复是一个缓慢的过程。相关水化学和钙华监测应持续开展，以更好掌握钙华堤坝的未来演变趋势。
- 钙华景观 /
- 矿物组成 /
- 微生物 /
- 有机质 /
- 碳氧同位素
Abstract: In 2017, an Ms 7.0 earthquake breached the tufa dam of Huohua Lake in the Jiuzhai Valley, resulting in the lake drainage. Exposed to the atmosphere, the tufa dam collapsed due to continued physical and chemical weathering. To prevent further collapse, the dam of Huohua Lake was restored by using the modified glutinous rice mortar and local limestone rocks. After the restoration, we monitored the chemical and isotopic compositions of surface water and tufa to answer the following questions.Does the surface water after the earthquake tend to conserve the tufa dam and precipitate tufa? Does the modified glutinous rice mortar have a significant impact on the surface water in the lower part of Huohua Lake? Does new tufa deposit on the restored dam? What are the characteristics and main sources of newly-deposited tufa? Are there any differences between the old tufa on the natural tufa dam and the newly-formed tufa on the restored dam?The characteristics of surface water and tufa samples were investigated. First, from September 2020 to September 2021, the surface water of Huohua Lake was monitored once a month. The parameters included pH, conductivity, temperature, alkalinity, turbidity, DO, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$, NH$_4^{+}$, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and calcite saturation index (SI_C). We also compared these parameters between the values before and after the earthquake. Second, to examine the physical and chemical characteristics of tufa, we used the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffractomer (XRD) for tufa samples and analyzed the elemental compositions (Ca, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Fe and Ba), organic matter, and carbon and oxygen isotopes in the modified glutinous rice mortar, tufa samples, and surface water. Third, the characteristics of microorganisms in the tufa samples were quantified by using the high-throughput sequencing technology.The SIc values of surface water after Huohua Lake restoration were 0.77 ± 0.11, indicating that the surface water tended to precipitate CaCO₃. From the upstream to downstream of Huohua Lake, there were no significant changes in Ca²⁺, ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, NH$_4^{+}$, ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$, PO$_4^{3-}$, DOC, and other water chemistry parameters (P>0.05), indicating that the dam restoration materials had no significant influence on the surface water. The concentrations of ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ were 94-291 mg·L⁻¹ before the earthquake, 189-338 mg·L⁻¹ after the earthquake but before the restoration, and 157-212 mg·L⁻¹ after the restoration. The concentrations of ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ increased after the earthquake, and the DOC concentrations after the earthquake were 0.8-2.05 mg·L⁻¹. At the same time, the lake turbidity generally increased after the earthquake. The changes of these hydrochemical indicators were most likely due to the vegetation damage caused by the earthquake, which further intensified soil erosion. After the dam restoration, newly-deposited tufa was observed on the top of dam, and the brown color generally reflected the high content of organic matter, Si, Al, K, Fe, and Ba from enhanced soil erosion. On the side surface of the repaired dam, tufa was white and contained much lower amount of organic matter compared to that of the tufa collected on the top of dam. The main mineral composition of tufa from both the restored dam and the natural dam is calcite, but was quite different from the modified glutinous rice mortar. The δ¹³C values of newly-deposited tufa on the restored dam were between those of surface water and the tufa of natural dam, but were much lower than those of modified glutinous rice mortar. These results suggest that CaCO₃ of newly-deposited tufa was likely mainly from surface water. The bacteria biodiversity indices (Chao1, PD, Shannon, and Simpson) were higher in the tufa of natural dam than in the newly-deposited tufa. Compared with the newly-deposited tufa on the top of repaired dam, the old natural tufa was richer in organic matter and more porous.Our results show that the SIc values of surface water were larger than zero, indicating that the water tended to precipitate CaCO₃ and was beneficial for tufa dam conservation. The newly-formed tufa on the top of dam was likely from surface water according to the mineralogical characteristics, carbon and oxygen isotopes, and elemental compositions. The composition of newly-deposited tufa was affected by soil erosion. The old tufa of natural dam and the new tufa of restored dam showed differences in the physical structure and the trace elemental content. In addition, the organic matter content and the bacterial biodiversity were relatively lower in the new tufa, probably due to the fact that the natural restoration of vegetation and microorganism community may require a relatively longer time. Continuous monitoring is required to better understand the future evolution of the restored dam.
- tufa landscape /
- mineral composition /
- microorganisms /
- organic matter /
- carbon and oxygen isotopes

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图 1 （a）地震破坏的火花海；（b）决口堤坝修复后的火花海；（c）修复堤坝全景图以及钙华和水样的采集点；（d-f）火花海堤坝上钙华样品采集点

N-修复堤坝上新沉积的钙华; O-天然堤坝上的老钙华

Figure 1. (a) Huohua Lake damaged by the earthquake; (b) Huohua Lake after the dam restoration; (c) Restored dam and sampling sites for tufa and surface water; (d-f) Tufa sampling sites on the Huohua Lake dam

N.newly deposited tufa on the restored dam, O.old tufa on the natural dam

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图 2 修复堤坝上的钙华与改性糯米灰浆样品

N-修复堤坝上新沉积的钙华，O-天然堤坝上的老钙华；A型包括N-1、N-2、N-10、N-11；B型包括N-3~N-9、N-12

Figure 2. Samples of tufa and modified glutinous rice mortar

N.newly deposited tufa on the restored dam, O.old tufa on the natural dam; Type A includes N-1, N-2, N-10, and N-11; Type B includes N-3~N-9 and N-12

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图 3 火花海堤坝及其上下游主要水化学指标变化情况（堤坝上n=24，堤坝上下游各n=12）

Figure 3. Changes of water chemical indices from upstream to downstream of the restored dam of Huohua Lake. (12, 24, and 12 samples collected at the sites upstream, on, and downstream of the dam, respectively)

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图 4 改性糯米灰浆和钙华样品的矿物组成

Figure 4. Mineral compositions of modified glutinous rice mortar and tufa

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图 5 天然堤坝与修复堤坝的钙华中有机质含量（平均值±标准偏差）

Figure 5. Organic carbon content in tufa of natural and restored dams (mean ± standard deviation)

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图 6 改性糯米灰浆和钙华的微观结构

Figure 6. Microstructure of modified glutinous rice mortar and tufa

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图 7 修复堤坝与天然堤坝的钙华细菌群落组成

A-修复堤坝A型钙华；B-修复堤坝B型钙华；O-天然堤坝钙华

Figure 7. Bacterial community compositions of the tufa samples collected from the restored and natural dams

A.type-A samples from the restored dam; B.type-B samples from the restored dam; O.old samples from the natural dam

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图 8 钙华和地表水的同位素特征

Figure 8. Isotopic signatures of tufa and surface water

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表 1 钙华、改性糯米灰浆和地表水的样品信息及分析指标

Table 1. Analysis items of tufa, modified glutinous rice mortar, and surface water samples

样品类型及编号	SEM	XRD	无机元素*	有机质	δ¹³C	δ¹⁸O	细菌
决口堤坝上新沉积的钙华$\$
N-1	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
N-2	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
N-3					√	√	√
N-4	√	√	√	√	√	√
N-5	√	√	√	√	√	√
N-6~N-16					√	√
天然堤坝上沉积的老钙华
O-1	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
O-2	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
O-3					√	√	√
地表水样品#
W-1~W-5					√
堤坝修复材料
改性糯米灰浆	√	√	√		√	√
注：^@√ －样品测试项；无机元素分析包括Ca 、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、K、Ca、Fe、Sr、Ba；$\$A型包括N-1、N-2、N-10、N-11；B型包括N-3~N-9、N-12；#每月在火花海两点监测一次 pH、温度、电导率、浊度、离子、SIc等。 Note: ^@√ －sample test item; Inorganic element analysis includes Ca 、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、K、Ca、Fe、Sr、Ba；$\$A type includes N-1、N-2、N-10、N-11；B type includes N-3~N-9、N-12；#Monitor pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, ion, Sic, etc. at two sites of Huohua Lake once every month.

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表 2 2020年9月-2021年9月火花海堤坝上两个监测点的水化学*

Table 2. Water chemistry at two sites on the restored dam of Huohua Lake from September 2020 to September 2021*

	单位	平均值	最小值	中值	最大值	标准差	样品数/n
pH	无量纲	8.40	8.27	8.38	8.72	0.11	24
温度	℃	10.96	4.30	11.45	17.40	4.16	24
电导率	μS·cm⁻¹	348.00	338.00	348.00	360.00	5.00	24
碱度	mg·L⁻¹	150.00	129.00	150.00	174.00	10.00	24
浊度$\$	NTU	1.66	0.01	0.89	8.46	2.32	24
浊度&	NTU	41.40	0.90	8.12	161.41	51.51	318
DOC	mg·L⁻¹	1.18	0.80	1.11	2.05	0.28	24
DO	mg·L⁻¹	8.87	7.51	8.67	10.50	0.97	24
SI_C	无量纲	0.77	0.52	0.79	0.94	0.11	24
HCO$_3^{-}$	mg·L⁻¹	183.77	157.38	183.00	212.28	12.55	24
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	mg·L⁻¹	28.21	16.38	28.44	32.56	3.37	24
NO$_3^{-}$	mg·L⁻¹	1.82	0.98	1.84	2.89	0.33	24
NO$_2^{-}$	mg·L⁻¹	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.01	24
Cl⁻	mg·L⁻¹	0.64	0.39	0.65	1.34	0.19	24
PO$_4^{3-}$	mg·L⁻¹	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.12	0.02	24
Ca²⁺	mg·L⁻¹	60.18	49.10	58.36	73.98	6.97	24
Mg²⁺	mg·L⁻¹	13.57	8.65	14.03	15.89	1.96	24
Na⁺	mg·L⁻¹	1.89	0.92	1.71	2.97	0.66	24
K⁺	mg·L⁻¹	1.00	0.36	0.80	2.78	0.64	24
NH$_4^{+}$	mg·L⁻¹	0.07	0.00	0.00	0.55	0.16	24
注：因新冠疫情，2021年2月未能进行监测；$\$为火花海每月一次的监测，&为上游犀牛海的在线监测日均值。 Note: Due to COVID-19 pandemic, there is no monitoring data in February, 2021;$\$ is the monitoring data in Huohua lake once per month, & indicates daily mean value of online monitoring for the upstream of Xiniu Sea.

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表 3 改性糯米灰浆和钙华样品的无机元素含量

Table 3. Inorganic element content of modified glutinous rice mortar and tufa

元素	单位	改性糯米灰浆		天然堤坝钙华		修复堤坝钙华
				天然堤坝钙华		A型			B型
			O-1	O-2	平均值	N-1	N-2	平均值	N-4	N-5	平均值
Ca	%	26.6	36.1	36.4	36.3	34.9	35.9	35.4	36.3	36.1	36.2
Mg	%	2.39	0.27	0.47	0.37	0.31	0.51	0.41	0.82	0.68	0.75
Mg/Ca	−	0.090	0.007	0.013	0.010	0.009	0.014	0.012	0.023	0.019	0.021
Si	%	2.03	0.01	0.82	0.42	2.13	1.69	1.91	0.65	0.40	0.52
Al	%	0.38	0.16	0.20	0.18	0.55	0.34	0.44	0.14	0.06	0.10
Fe	%	0.48	0.10	0.09	0.10	0.26	0.19	0.23	0.07	0.03	0.05
K	%	0.22	0.18	0.08	0.13	0.16	0.12	0.14	0.06	0.03	0.05
S	%	6.99	0.14	0.06	0.10	0.17	0.18	0.17	0.08	0.14	0.11
Ba	×10⁻⁶	53.9	28.0	39.2	33.6	71.9	60.5	66.2	46.7	42.4	44.5
Sr	×10⁻⁶	1 241	457	522	489	1 377	1 437	1 407	1 364	1 530	1 447
P	×10⁻⁶	99.1	14.5	58.2	36.4	79.1	45.5	62.3	54.5	36.4	45.5

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表 4 天然堤坝和修复堤坝上钙华样品的细菌OTUs和多样性指数

Table 4. Bacterial OTUs and diversity indices of tufa samples collected from the natural and restored dams

样品编号	OTUs*	Chao1	PD	Shannon	Simpson
钙华类型A	451	414.5	25.86	3.68	0.92
钙华类型B	427	505.5	32.49	3.78	0.90
天然堤坝钙华	1 099	763.3	45.24	5.09	0.98
注：A、B型一共有607个OTUs，在天然与修复堤坝都存在的OTUs有514个。 Note:There are total 607 OTUs in A and B types and 514 OTUs in both natural and restored dams.

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