Study on the difference of water-bearing capacity of fault-controlled dolomites in Dengying Formation of a mining area in central Guizhou and its significance of water control
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摘要: 黔中地区矿床水文地质条件复杂，磷矿的主要充水层灯影组富水性中等至强，矿坑突水严重影响区域磷矿资源的安全开采。因此，掌握该区域灯影组的富水性特征极为重要。文章依托贵州省2020年矿产资源大精查项目资料，采用研究与生产相结合、典型矿区解剖的方法开展该矿床灯影组富水性研究。结果表明：黔中地区大湾磷矿为顶板直接充水的岩溶矿床，充水层灯影组的岩性、结构以及断裂构造是控制矿床充水条件的主要因素，灯影组含水性和透水性具有明显的“平面分块”和“垂向分层”的分布规律。充分利用该特征对于矿井防水设计并指导矿山开采，对保障黔中磷矿安全生产、降低开采成本具有重要意义。Abstract: The central region of Guizhou Province enjoys global fame of its areas with large-scale production rich in phosphorus. For a long time, the phosphate rock resources in this area have provided a reliable guarantee for the domestic economic development. At present, this region has also become an important raw material base of phosphate rocks and a production base of fine phosphate chemicals in China. After decades of mining, phosphorus mines in this area have gradually changed from open pits to underground ones and from shallow to deep, and thus the hydrogeological conditions of deposits become increasingly complex. Dengying Formation, the main aquifers of phosphate rocks, is composed of dolomite with the water-bearing medium of solution pores and cracks. It is a water-bearing formation comprised of pure carbonate rocks with medium to high water abundance. Consequently, the high cost of mine drainage has imposed a heavy burden on mining enterprises. In addition, mine water inrush has severely threatened the exploitation safety of phosphate rock resources in this region. Therefore, it is very important to research the characteristics of water abundance of the Dengying Formation. The phosphate mine of Dawan, a water-filling deposit with deeply covered karst, is located on the western flank of the Baiyan anticline. The high bearing capacity of groundwater and complicated hydrogeological conditions of Dengying Formation are representative and typical in the Baiyan anticline area. Due to the super large scale and high grade of phosphate ore resources, the phosphate mine of Dawan was listed as a key project of mineral resource exploration in Guizhou Province in 2020. During the exploration work, a large amount of geological data was obtained through surface surveys, geophysical and hydrological logging, drilling, and hydrogeological experiments. In this paper, a study on the water abundance of the Dengying Formation of the deposit has been conducted based on the data from the exploration of the phosphate mine as well as the anatomy of typical mining areas. The research results show that the phosphate mine in Dawan is a karst deposit with water-filled roof, and the lithology, structure and fracture structure of the Dengying Formation in the water-filled layer are the main factors controlling the water-filling condition of the deposit. With an obvious distribution law, the water content and permeability of Dengying Formation present obvious characteristics of "plane partition" and "vertical stratification". In the plane of exploration area, there is a significant difference in water abundance of the Dengying Formation near and far from the structural area. The differences in fault properties also result in different water abundance of the Dengying Formation. In the vertical direction, there is a weak permeable layer with poor water content and relative water resistance in the middle and lower parts of the Dengying Formation. The waterproof design of mine based on the characteristics of water abundance in Dengying Formation is of great significance to ensure the safe production of the phosphate mine in central Guizhou, and to reduce the cost of mining drainage.
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图 1 区域水文地质图
1-碳酸盐岩含水岩组，富水性中等至强 2-碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩含水岩组，富水性中等 3-基岩裂隙水含水岩组，富水性弱 4-三叠系嘉陵江组 5-夜郎组 6-二叠系吴家坪组 7-栖霞茅口组 8-寒武系娄山关组 9-石冷水高台组 10-清虚洞组 11-金顶山至牛蹄塘组 12-震旦系灯影组至陡山沱组 13-南华系南陀组 14-背斜 15-断层 16-地质界线 17-地层产状 18-灯影组地下水流向 19-水文地质单元界线 20-地表河流 21-矿区范围 22-剖面线 23-乡镇 24-村寨
Figure 1. Regional hydrogeological map
1. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with medium to high water abundance 2. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with clastic rock, water abundance is medium 3. water-bearing formation comprised of bedrock fissure water with low water abundance 4. Jialingjiang Formation of Triassic System 5. Yelang Formation 6. Wujiaping Formation of Permian System 7. Qixia Maokou Formation 8. Cambrian Loushanguan Formation 9. Shilengshui and Gaotai Formation 10. Qingxudong Formation 11. Jindingshan to Niutitang Formation 12. Sinian Dengying Formation to Doushantuo Formaiton 13. Nanhuan System Nantuo Formaiton 14. anticline 15. fault 16. Geological boundary 17. attitude of stratum 18. groundwater flow direction of Dengying Formation 19. hydrogeological unit boundary 20. surface river 21. mine field 22. section line 23. township 24. village
图 2 A-A′水文地质剖面图
1-碳酸盐岩含水岩组，富水性中等至强 2-基岩裂隙水含水岩组，富水性弱 3-地层代号 4-灰岩 5-白云岩6-含磷白云岩 7-泥质白云岩 8-泥岩 9-泥质粉砂岩 10-炭质泥岩 11-冰碛砾岩 12-断层及编号
Figure 2. A-A′ hydrogeological section
1. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with medium to high water abundance 2. water-bearing formation comprised of bedrock fissure water with low water abundance 3. stratigraphic code 4. limestone 5. dolomite 6. phosphorous dolomite 7. argillaceous dolomite 8. mud rock 9. argillaceous siltstone 10. carbon mudstone 11. moraine conglomerate 12. fault and numbering
图 3 研究区工程平面布置图
1-抽水试验钻孔 2-多孔抽水试验观测孔 3-测井钻孔 4-断层 5-地层代号及界线 6-剖面线7-河流 8-先期开采范围 9-矿区界线
Figure 3. Plan of the project in the study area
1-pumping test borehole 2-porous pumping test observation hole 3-logging hole 4-fault 5-stratigraphic code and boundary 6-section line 7-river 8-initial mining area 9-mine boundary
图 4 9线水文地质剖面图
1-碳酸盐岩含水岩组，富水性中等至强 2-碳酸盐岩含水岩组，富水性弱 3-基岩裂隙水含水岩组，富水性弱 4-孔隙水，富水性弱 5-地层代号 6-断层 7-钻孔 8-剖面方位
Figure 4. Hydrogeological section of Line No. 9
1. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with medium to high water abundance 2. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with low water abundance 3. water-bearing formation comprised of bedrock fissure water with low water abundance 4. pore water with low water abundance 5. stratigraphic code 6. fault 7.borehole 8. profile azimuth
图 5 水文试验孔与断层位置剖面示意图
1-碳酸盐岩含水岩组，富水性中等至强 2-碳酸盐岩含水岩组，富水性弱 3-基岩裂隙水含水岩组，富水性弱 4-孔隙水，富水贫乏 5-地层代号 6-灯影组分段编号 7-断层 8-钻孔 9-剖面方位
Figure 5. Sections of the hydrologic test hole and the fault position
1. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with medium to high water abundance 2. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with low water abundance 3. water-bearing formation comprised of bedrock fissure water with low water abundance 4. pore water with poor water abundance 5. stratigraphic code 6. Dengying Formation section numbering 7. fault 8. borehole 9. profile azimuth
图 6 灯影组走向上含水段划分图
1-碳酸盐岩含水岩组，富水性中等至强 2-碳酸盐岩含水岩组，富水性弱 3-基岩裂隙水含水岩组，富水性弱4-孔隙水，富水贫乏 5-测井显示含水段 6-地层代号 7-断层 8-钻孔 9-剖面方位
Figure 6. Division of aquifer sections along the Dengying Formation
1. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with medium to high water abundance 2. water-bearing formation comprised of carbonate rocks with low water abundance 3. water-bearing formation comprised of bedrock fissure water with low water abundance 4. pore water with poor water abundance 5. water-bearing section while logging 6. stratigraphic code 7. fault 8. borehold 9. profile azimuth
图 7 ZK906测井曲线与动水位曲线图
1-含水段 2-弱透水段 3-白云岩
Figure 7. Curves of geophysical logs and groundwater levels in ZK906 drilling well
1-water-bearing section 2-weak pervious section 3-dolomite
表 1 灯影组中下部弱含水层统计表
Table 1. Statistics of weak permeable layers in the middle and lower parts of the Dengying Formation
钻孔编号 弱含水段埋深位置/m 厚度值/m 备注 ZK601 542.50~591.00 48.50 ZK602 501.76~625.60 123.84 ZK710 386.00~428.68 42.68 ZK711 533.36~655.00 121.64 ZK712 606.89~665.80 58.91 ZK906 519.01~562.00 42.99 ZK909 524.75~564.68 39.93 ZK1111 444.48~521.50 77.02 ZK1305 520.69~620.80 100.11 
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表 2 灯影组分层抽水试验参数表
Table 2. Parameters of the stratified pumping test of the Dengying Formation
孔号 抽水段 降次 涌水量 （Q）/m3·d−1 降深（S ）/m 含水层厚度（M）/m 渗透系数（K）/m·d−1 ZK710 Ⅰ 1 220.49 13.7 118.58 0.144 2 136.34 8.50 118.58 0.132 Ⅱ 1 357.26 21.44 68.13 0.297 2 200.45 11.97 68.13 0.275 ZK909 Ⅰ 1 385.26 5.00 110.29 0.688 2 271.98 3.53 110.29 0.642 Ⅱ 1 485.40 7.80 60.22 1.190 2 220.49 3.55 60.22 1.049
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表 3 多孔抽水试验观测孔参数表
Table 3. Parameters of observation holes for the porous pumping test
观测孔 距主孔距离（r）/m 降深值（S）/m 导水系数值（T）/m2·d−1 含水层厚度（M）/m 渗透系数（K）/m·d−1 观1(ZK907) 145 16.44 10.61 282.96 0.037 观2(ZK900) 174 9.97 17.80 345.30 0.051 观3(ZK902) 542 4.53 18.17 281.57 0.064 观4(ZK510) 450 5.62 14.67 300.33 0.049 观5(ZK709) 131 6.80 17.72 285.18 0.062 观6(ZK1304) 406 4.70 17.91 296.61 0.060
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表 4 压性断层附近抽水试验参数表
Table 4. Parameters of the pumping test near the piezotropic fault
孔号 抽水段 降次 涌水量 （Q）/m3·d−1 降深（S）/m 含水层厚度（M）/m 渗透系数（K）/m·d−1 ZK710 全段 1 330.05 10.00 186.13 0.186 2 213.67 6.47 186.13 0.171 SGZK1 全段 1 392.17 10.00 234.80 0.173 2 249.09 6.35 234.80 0.154
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表 5 张性断层附近抽水试验参数表
Table 5. Parameters of the pumping test near the tensional fault
孔号 全段 降次 涌水量 （Q）/m3·d−1 降深（S）/m 含水层厚度（M）/m 渗透系数（K）/m·d−1 ZK909 全段 1 495.54 3.00 170.51 0.955 2 256.61 1.55 170.51 0.841
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