Correlation between the composition and diversity of community species and soil factors under two geological conditionsA case study of Mao village in Guilin
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摘要: 为对比岩溶和非岩溶条件下物种组成及多样性的差异，明晰不同地质背景造就的不同土壤因子对物种多样性的影响，在兼有岩溶区与非岩溶区的桂林毛村采用野外样地调查法对研究区进行物种组成及多样性的对比研究。结果表明：(1)研究区内共记录了123种植物，其中岩溶区占35科46属87种，非岩溶区占48科61属95种，非岩溶区植物科属种数量明显大于岩溶区；（2）岩溶区物种多样性为：草本样方>灌木样方>乔木样方；在非岩溶区为：灌木样方>乔木样方>草本样方；（3）不同地质背景造就了不同的土壤因子，其中土壤全氮含量对物种多样性影响最为显著。综上，岩溶区物种组成明显低于非岩溶区，物种多样性也不及非岩溶区，土壤因子与物种多样性之间存在相关性，土壤全氮对物种多样性影响最为显著，土层深度减弱了土壤因子与物种多样性之间的相关性。对比岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤因子与物种之间的关系差异，为区域生态系统恢复重建提供了理论基础。Abstract: In order to compare the differences of species composition and diversity between karst and non-karst areas, and to explore the influence of different soil factors under these two geological conditions on species diversity, we conducted a field investigation in Maocun of Guilin that is composed of both karst and non-karst areas. Results show that a total of 123 species is recorded in the study area, including 87 species, 46 genera and 35 families in karst area and 95 species, 61 genera and 48 families in the non-karst area. The number of species composition in non-karst area is significantly higher than that in the karst area. In addition, the quadrat of species diversity in karst area is listed as: herb quadrat>shrub quadrat>tree quadrat. In the non-karst area, it is listed as, shrub quadrat>tree quadrat>herb quadrat. Finally, different types of geological background contribute to different soil factors, among which the total nitrogen content of soil has the most significant effect on species diversity. In conclusion, the species composition and diversity in the karst area is significantly lower than that in the non-karst area, and there is a correlation between soil factors and species diversity. Total nitrogen of soil has the most significant effect on species diversity, and the soil depth weakens the correlation between soil factors and species diversity. Comparing the relationship between soil factors and species in karst and non-karst areas provides a theoretical basis for the restoration and reconstruction of regional ecosystem.
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Key words:
- karst area /
- species composition /
- diversity /
- redundancy analysis
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图 1 研究区不同样方内物种组成对比
Figure 1. Comparison of species composition in different areas of the study area
图 2 土壤因子与多样性指数对样方的RDA排序分析
（注：图中a代表0-20 cm土层，b代表20-40 cm土层；点1、2、3代表岩溶区草本样方，点4、5、6代表岩溶区灌木样方，点7、8、9代表岩溶区乔木样方；点10、11、12代表非岩溶区草本样方，点13、14、15代表非岩溶区灌木样方，点16、17、18代表非岩溶区乔木样方；TN代表土壤全氮，TP代表土壤全磷，TK代表土壤全钾，AN代表土壤水解氮，AP代表土壤速效磷，AK代表土壤速效钾，SOM代表土壤有机质；S为丰富度指数；D为Simpson指数；H为Shanonon-Wiene指数；P为PIE指数；Jsw为Pielou指数。）
Figure 2. RDA ranking analysis of soil factors and diversity indexes on quadrat
表 1 岩溶与非岩溶区基本概况
Table 1. Basic survey of karst and non-karst areas
区域 样方 土壤类型 土层厚度/cm 经纬度 海拔/m 坡度 群落优势种 非岩溶区 乔木 红壤 100 25°11′03.89″N 110°32′32.09″E 277 34° 木荷Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.、甜槠Castanopsis eyrei (Champ. ex Benth.) Tutch. 灌木 红壤 80 25°11′02.44″N 110°32′31.28″E 235 34° 杜鹃Rhododendron simsii Planch.、木荷Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.、山鸡椒
Litsea cubeba (Lour) Pers.、甜槠Castanopsis eyrei (Champ. ex Benth.) Tutch.、盐肤木Rhus chinensis Mill.草本 红壤 85.33 25°11′03.09″N 110°32′32.56″E 288 34° 狗脊蕨Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai、扭黄茅Heteropogon contortus L． Beauv.、五节芒Miscanthus floridulus (Lab.) Warb. ex Schum et Laut.、铁萁芒Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underw. 岩溶区 乔木 黄色石灰土 56.33 25°11′17.18″N 110°32′23.09″E 217 40° 檵木Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliver、青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunberg) Oersted 灌木 棕色石灰土 46 25°11′24.13″N 110°32′48.21″E 183 35° 檵木Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliver、龙须藤Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth 草本 黄色石灰土 46 25°11′16.33″N 110°32′22.89″E 225 40° 络石Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem.、类芦Neyraudia reynaudiana (kunth.) Keng、葛藤Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Ohwi、五节芒Miscanthus floridulus (Lab.) Warb. ex Schum et Laut.Miscanthus floridulus (Lab.) Warb. ex Schum et Laut. 
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表 2 岩溶区各样方中代表物种重要值
Table 2. Important values of representative species in different quadrats of the karst area
样方 物种名称 盖度 相对盖度 密度 相对密度 频度 相对频度 重要值 % % 株·m−2 % % % 草本 类芦
Neyraudia reynaudiana (kunth.) Keng62.50 19.00 1.00 2.91 0.80 16.67 38.58 葛藤
Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Ohwi62.50 26.60 1.00 2.91 0.20 4.17 33.68 五节芒
Miscanthus floridulus (Lab.) Warb. ex Schum et Laut.62.50 19.00 0.67 1.94 0.60 12.50 33.44 络石
Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem.1.50 0.46 8.00 23.30 0.20 4.17 27.92 井栏凤尾蕨
Pteris multifida Poir.37.50 11.40 1.00 2.91 0.60 12.50 26.81 苔草
Carex tristachya2.50 0.76 6.67 19.42 0.20 4.17 24.34 弓果黍
Cyrtococcum patens (Linn.) A. Camus2.50 0.76 4.67 13.59 0.40 8.33 22.69 山蒜
Allium nipponicum Fr. et Sav2.50 0.76 3.67 10.68 0.20 4.17 15.61 海金沙
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.15.00 4.56 1.67 4.85 0.20 4.17 13.58 蛇莓
Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke2.50 0.76 2.00 5.83 0.20 4.17 10.75 灌木 檵木
Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliver62.50 19.21 1.50 66.90 31.33 66.90 153.02 龙须藤
Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth.37.50 19.21 0.08 3.56 1.67 3.56 26.33 齿叶黄皮
Clausena dunniana Levl.15.00 7.68 0.09 3.91 1.83 3.91 15.51 海金子
Pittosporum illicioides Mak.15.00 7.68 0.05 2.14 1.00 2.14 11.95 火棘
Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) Li15.00 7.68 0.02 0.71 0.33 0.71 9.11 九里香
Murraya exotica L. Mant.15.00 7.68 0.02 0.71 0.33 0.71 9.11 野独活
Miliusa chunii W. T. Wang2.50 1.28 0.09 3.91 1.83 3.91 9.11 灌木 棕榈
Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl.15.00 7.68 0.01 0.36 0.17 0.36 8.40 红背山麻杆
Alchornea trewioides (Benth.) Muell. Arg.0.10 0.05 0.09 3.91 1.83 3.91 7.88 鸡爪簕
Oxyceros sinensis Lour.5.00 2.56 0.05 2.14 1.00 2.14 6.83 乔木 檵木
Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliver0.02 44.70 0.03 31.20 13.00 31.20 107.10 青冈
Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunberg) Oersted0.002 1 4.74 0.03 27.20 11.33 27.20 59.14 密花树
Rapanea neriifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Mez0.002 3.51 0.02 23.20 9.67 23.20 49.91 盐肤木
Rhus chinensis Mill.0.01 31.94 0.001 5 2.40 1.00 2.40 36.74 海金子
Pittosporum illicioides Mak.0.001 5 3.43 0.01 9.60 4.00 9.60 22.63 老虎刺
Pterolobium punctatum Hemsl.0.001 5 4.80 0.001 0.80 0.33 0.80 6.40 野独活
Miliusa chunii W. T. Wang0.000 7 1.53 0.000 8 0.80 0.33 0.80 3.13 木犀
Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Loureiro0.000 5 1.20 0.000 8 0.80 0.33 0.80 2.80 枇杷
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.0.000 5 1.05 0.000 8 0.80 0.33 0.80 2.65 粗叶榕
Ficus hirta Vahl0.000 1 0.03 0.0002 0.03 1.33 0.03 0.09
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表 3 非岩溶区各样方中代表物种重要值
Table 3. Important values of representative species in different quadrat of the non-karst areas
样方 物种名称 盖度 相对盖度 密度 相对密度 频度 相对频度 重要值 % % 株·m−2 % % % 草本 五节芒
Miscanthus floridulus (Lab.) Warb. ex Schum et Laut.45.00 43.80 16.60 53.9 0.17 5.00 60.65 铁芒箕
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underw.37.50 10.51 1.40 4.55 0.33 10.00 58.34 扭黄茅
Heteropogon contortus L． Beauv．62.5 26.28 0.20 0.65 1.00 30.00 56.93 狗脊蕨
Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai15.00 10.51 6.40 20.78 0.17 5.00 36.29 玉叶金花
Mussaenda pubescens Ait. F. Hort. Kew. Ed.2.50 1.75 0.20 0.65 0.67 20.00 22.4 卵叶菝葜
Smilax arisanensis15 1.75 0.2 0.65 0.17 5 16.16 弓果黍
Cyrtococcum patens (Linn.) A. Camus0.1 0.07 3.4 11.04 0.17 5 16.11 山姜
Alpinia japonica (Thunb.) Miq.2.5 1.75 0.8 2.6 0.17 5 9.35 菝葜
Smilax china Linn.2.5 1.75 0.4 1.3 0.17 5 8.05 小白酒草
Conyza. Canadensis (L.) Crong.2.5 1.75 0.4 1.3 0.17 5 8.05 灌木 木荷
Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.15 0.05 0.28 18.13 0.67 10.26 39.65 杜鹃
Rhododendron simsii Planch.15 7.4 0.17 10.88 0.83 12.82 31.1 甜槠
Castanopsis eyrei (Champ. ex Benth.) Tutch.37.5 18.49 0.1 6.74 0.33 5.13 30.36 山鸡椒
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.2.5 1.23 0.32 20.73 0.5 7.69 29.65 盐肤木
Rhus chinensis Mill.37.5 18.49 0.21 13.47 0.5 7.69 28.44 野独活
Miliusa chunii W. T. Wang37.5 18.49 0.02 1.04 0.33 5.13 24.66 菝葜
Smilax china Linn.15 7.4 0.08 5.18 0.5 7.69 20.27 荚蒾
Viburnum dilatatum Thunb.15 7.4 0.13 8.29 0.17 2.56 18.25 紫金牛
Ardisia japonica (Thunberg) Blume15 7.4 0.1 6.22 0.17 2.56 16.18 赤楠
Syzygium buxifolium Hook. et Arn.2.5 1.23 0.03 2.07 0.67 10.26 13.56 乔木 甜槠
Castanopsis eyrei Tutch.1.272 66.6 0.085 54.26 1 18.75 139.61 木荷
Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.0.473 3 24.78 0.038 3 24.47 1 18.75 68 白栎
Quercus fabri Hance0.012 0.63 0.02 12.77 0.33 6.25 19.65 腺叶杜茎山
Maesa membranacea A. DC.0.000 6 0.03 0.001 7 1.06 0.67 12.5 13.6 黄樟
Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm.0.097 6 5.11 0.002 5 1.6 0.33 6.25 12.96 枫香
Liquidambar formosana Hance0.051 2 2.68 0.002 5 1.6 0.33 6.25 10.53 薄叶润楠
Machilus leptophylla Hand.-Mazz.0.000 7 0.04 0.003 3 2.13 0.33 6.25 8.42 九里香
Murraya exotica L. Mant.0.000 6 0.03 0.000 8 0.53 0.33 6.25 6.81 杉木
Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.0.000 6 0.03 0.000 8 0.53 0.33 6.25 6.81 罗伞
Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Bl.) Regel0.000 1 0.01 0.000 8 0.53 0.33 6.25 6.79
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表 4 岩溶区与非岩溶区不同样方物种多样性
Table 4. Species diversity in different quadrats of karst and non-karst areas
多样性指数 岩溶区 非岩溶区 草本样方 灌木样方 乔木样方 草本样方 灌木样方 乔木样方 S 30.00 36.00 32.00 33.00 43.00 39.00 D 0.87 0.60 0.76 0.63 0.87 0.63 H 3.32 2.68 2.36 3.19 3.67 2.01 P 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.93 0.65 Jsw 0.72 0.47 0.49 0.61 0.70 0.38 注：S为丰富度指数；D为Simpson指数；H为Shanonon-Wiene指数；P为PIE指数；Jsw为Pielou指数。
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表 5 岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤理化性质对比
Table 5. Comparison of physical and chemical properties of soil in karst and non-karst areas
土壤层次 样方 研究区 pH SOM/g·kg−1 TN/g·kg−1 AN/mg·kg−1 TP/g·kg−1 AP/mg·kg−1 TK/g·kg−1 AK/mg·kg−1 0~20 cm 草本 岩溶区 6.51±0.18 33.42±1.21 1.83±0.84 86.99±20.22 1.25±0.04 14.13±3.56 50.32±4.25 38.61±25.8 非岩溶区 4.7±0.30 42.46±1.85 0.73±0.23 101.14±30.68 1.09±0.1 58.18±2.91 48.37±25.6 30.81±3.38 灌木 岩溶区 6.73±0.30 51.75±4.42 1.83±0.22 191.11±78.57 1.22±0.05 23.84±3.56 120.25±51.50 41.22±16.1 非岩溶区 4.53±0.09 56.13±5.9 0.83±0.41 73.50±34.36 0.99±0.04 66.06±19.31 34.99±28.89 25.28±12.88 乔木 岩溶区 6.54±0.27 50.39±3.95 1.33±0.15 186.23±70.03 1.14±0.1 16.85±2.93 100.73±45.84 37.2±7.35 非岩溶区 4.5±0.13 38.06±4 0.63±0.06 78.04±17.7 1.02±0.05 6.39±8.33 39.48±16.91 34.39±2.03 20~40 cm 草本 岩溶区 6.85±0.08 23.47±1.71 0.68±0.12 49.54±11.22 1.33±0.06 19.57±8.40 63.33±18.88 20.4±3.43 非岩溶区 4.76±0.11 19.94±0.86 0.67±0.23 37.01±10.15 1.1±0.06 62.06±0.7 55.85±36.11 21.37±2.25 灌木 岩溶区 6.77±0.35 50.75±2.84 0.88±0.74 99.58±59.26 1.28±0.03 20.86±8.30 132.61±57.44 26.58±10.31 非岩溶区 4.78±0.09 4.772.23 0.40±0.05 37.11±18.52 1.08±0.04 74.90±8.08 40.37±32.27 26.58±10.31 乔木 岩溶区 6.82±0.12 50.39±3.61 0.96±0.4 125.24±69.01 1.17±0.12 19.05±0.9 99.33±27.23 24.52±11.89 非岩溶区 4.71±0.20 25.61±1.64 0.36±0.08 26.48±9.65 1.08±0.04 79.74±6.42 41.98±18.63 21.59±8.64 注：表中数值为平均值±标准误。
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表 6 土壤因子在RDA中蒙特卡洛置换检验结果
Table 6. Monte Carlo substitution test results of soil factors in RDA
0~20 cm 土壤因子 R2 P 20~40 cm土壤因子 R2 P TN 0.546 3 0.002 TK 0.267 5 0.102 pH 0.288 3 0.084 SOM 0.244 8 0.111 TK 0.242 5 0.124 AP 0.236 7 0.138 TP 0.212 0.145 TP 0.230 5 0.121 AN 0.192 0.199 pH 0.22 0.163 SOM 0.162 9 0.259 AK 0.104 8 0.419 AP 0.137 3 0.354 AN 0.103 7 0.399 AK 0.111 8 0.426 TN 0.066 3 0.611
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