Study on ecological restoration strategy of karst spring region in north China:Taking Jinci spring as an example
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摘要: 我国北方岩溶分布面积广，岩溶泉水资源丰富，是岩溶区工农业及居民生活的优质供水水源。但在全球气候变化和采煤等强烈人类活动的叠加作用下，我国北方岩溶泉水流量衰减，水质恶化，岩溶泉域生态环境功能下降。通过合理、适度的人工干预，强化岩溶大泉的自然恢复机能，并最终实现泉域生态环境修复，是当前我国生态文明建设的先行区和重点领域。论文在分析研究晋祠泉断流原因的基础上，针对性地提出并科学地评估了汾河二库强化渗漏补给、泉域岩溶水关井压采、煤矿区保水限采、近源生态补水和远源河道渗漏补给等一系列措施及预期效果，以期推进晋祠泉域岩溶地下水生态环境得到根本性改善。该研究工作有望对我国北方岩溶大泉的生态修复形成示范效应，为遏制我国岩溶区生态恶化现象提供科学依据。Abstract: In northern China, karst is widely distributed and rich in karst spring water resources. It is a high-quality water supply source for industry, agriculture and residents’ life in karst areas. However, under the superposition of global climate change, coal mining and other strong human activities, the flow of karst springs in northern China has declined, the water quality has deteriorated, and the ecological environment function of karst springs has declined. Therefore, how to take reasonable measures, strengthen the natural recovery function of karst springs through appropriate manual intervention, and finally realize the ecological environment restoration of spring area is the leading area and key field of ecological civilization construction in China. On the basis of analyzing and studying the causes of Jinci spring cutoff, the paper puts forward and scientifically evaluates a series of measures and expected results, such as strengthening leakage recharge of Fenhe ReservoirⅡ, closing and pressure mining of karst water in spring area, water conservation and limited mining in coal mine area, near source ecological water replenishment and far source river leakage recharge, in order to promote the fundamental improvement of karst groundwater ecological environment in Jinci spring area. The research work of this paper is expected to form a demonstration effect on the ecological restoration of karst springs in northern China, and provide a scientific basis for curbing the ecological deterioration in karst areas in China.
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图 1 太原市晋祠泉域多年降雨量柱状图
Figure 1. Histogram of annual rainfall in Jinci spring area of Taiyuan City
图 2 晋祠泉域水系分布及构造纲要图
Figure 2. Water system distribution and structural outline map of Jinci spring area
图 3 多年序列晋祠泉流量及水位变化曲图
Figure 3. Flow and water level change curve of Jinci spring in multi-year sequence
图 4 汾河二库回水区渗漏量对比图（2001-2017年）
Figure 4. Comparison of leakage in backwater area of Fenhe reservoir II（from 2001 to 2007)
图 5 汾河二库及周边岩溶水水化学-同位素散点图 87/86Sr-D
Figure 5. Hydrochemistry isotope scatter diagram of Fenhe Reservoir II and surrounding karst water 87/86Sr - δD
图 6 汾河二库蓄水影响下上马家沟组岩溶水流场演化模拟与预测（2014年、2018年）
Figure 6. Simulation and prediction of karst water flow field evolution in Shangmajiagou formation under the influence of impoundment of Fenhe reservoir II (2014 and 2018)
图 7 地表水和岩溶水水化学－同位素指示汾河主要渗漏段点
Figure 7. Hydrochemistry isotope of surface water and karst water indicates the main leakage section points of Fenhe river
图 8 远源补水839.92万m3·a−1、1128.90万m3·a−1和2000万m3·a−1时岩溶地下水流场演化图
Figure 8. Evolution diagram of karst groundwater flow field at remote source water supplement of 8.3992 million m3·a−1, 11.289 million m3·a−1and 20million m3·a−1
图 9 明仙沟－晋祠泉连通性示踪试验和充电法测线布置图
Figure 9. Layout of mingxiangou-jinciquan connectivity tracing test and charging method survey line
图 10 充电法数据成果及解译结果图（赤桥村监测井电导率及水位变化曲线）
Figure 10. Charging method data results and interpretation results (conductivity and water level change curve of Chiqiao village monitoring well)
图 11 晋祠泉域马家沟组岩溶地下水流场模拟结果图（2023年、2028年）
Figure 11. Simulation results of karst groundwater flow field of Majiagou Formation in Jinci spring area (2023 and 2028)
图 12 煤矿区保水限排和关井压采工况下泉域岩溶水流场演化图
Figure 12. Evolution diagram of karst water flow field in spring area under the conditions of water conservation and drainage restriction and shut in and pressure mining in coal mine area
表 1 泉域岩溶地下水水均衡摘要表
Table 1. Summary of karst groundwater balance in spring area
收入/m3·s−1 支出/m3·s−1 1959-1963 1984-1988 2013-2017 1959-1963 1984-1988 2013-2017 降雨入渗 3.299 2.823 3.418 泉(自流井) 1.798 0.959 0.261 河流渗漏量 0.955 0.742 1.022(2.254*) 开采 0.307 1.289 1.251 侧向排泄 1.954 1.889 2.059 总计 4.254 3.565 4.44 4.059 4.137 3.572 注：(*)为考虑了汾河二库渗漏的情况。 
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