Characteristics and formation mechanism of karst ground collapse in Zhongliangshan area, Chongqing
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摘要:
通过详细调查重庆中梁山地区的岩溶地面塌陷灾害情况，分析出该区地面塌陷特征及形成机理。结果表明：岩溶地面塌陷主要分布在嘉陵江组中的地势低洼处、断层和溶槽处，多发生在降雨量大和地下水水位陡降时期，是自然因素和人类活动共同作用下的结果，数量较多，以土洞型为主；其致塌的力学机制以真空吸蚀作用和潜蚀作用为主，多种作用为辅；在具备岩溶塌陷发生的地质条件下，隧道建设过程中的强排水、降雨和村级公路修建与运营过程中会诱发岩溶地面塌陷的发生。根据岩溶地面塌陷的致塌力学机制和诱发因素，提出预防降雨形成的地表水过度聚集，隧道建设避免地下水陡降，村级公路和隧道选址避开岩溶发育区域等措施，以防止岩溶地面塌陷发生。 Abstract:Zhongliangshan area， located in the west of the main city of Chongqing， seriously hinders the traffic development of this city， and hence affects its economic activities. In recent years， with the rapid development of Chongqing's economy as well as its traffic construction， a number of traffic tunnels and village roads have been planned and built in Zhongliangshan area. During their construction and operation， 327 ground collapses occurred， which seriously damaged the geological and ecological environment. Therefore， through the detailed geological investigation of the ground karst collapse in Zhongliangshan area of Chongqing， this study systematically analyzes the characteristics and formation mechanism of the collapse in this area. The results show that in terms of distribution characteristics， ground karst collapses are mainly distributed in the low-lying areas of Jialingjiang formation， the developing areas of faults and solution grooves， and the area slightly covered by silty clay. In terms of formation time， ground karst collapses mainly form during heavy rainfall and in the period when the groundwater level drops sharply due to the heavy drainage during tunnel construction. In Zhongliangshan area， the geological conditions for the formation of ground karst collapse are sufficient. Firstly， the limestone in Jialingjiang formation in Zhongliangshan area is pure in texture， and many faults and joints are developed. Secondly， the surface water and groundwater resources are abundant， and the intense karstification forms a large number of karst space， which provides favorable room for ground karst collapse. The intensive exchange of atmospheric precipitation， surface water and groundwater provides dynamic conditions for ground rock collapse. The Quaternary overburden with the characteristics of coarse structure at the bottom and fine structure at the top provides favorable conditions for the formation of karst collapse. The inducing factors of ground karst collapse mainly include the heavy drainage leading to the sharp drop of groundwater level in the process of tunnel construction， heavy rainfall and the construction and operation of village roads. There are four types of mechanical mechanisms of surface karst collapse， i.e.， latent erosion， vacuum suction， erosion of the increasing rainfall load and surface water， and load and vibration. The comparison of the number of collapses produced by different mechanical mechanisms shows that the ground karst collapse produced by latent erosion and vacuum suction is widely distributed with the largest number. Hence， these two factors are the main mechanical mechanisms of collapse in this study area. According to the collapse mechanical mechanism and inducing factors of ground karst collapse， it is proposed that the careful dynamic observation of groundwater in this study area should be conducted in the process of tunnel construction， so as to avoid rapid and excessive discharge of groundwater and to prevent the sudden drop of groundwater level. During heavy rainfall， a reasonable drainage system should be established to avoid the excessive accumulation of surface water flowing to low-lying places and to avoid the increase of the overburden self-weight. In the site selection of village roads and tunnels， geological survey should be strengthened to avoid unfavorable sections in karst development areas and in high incidence areas of ground collapse， so as to prevent the occurrence of ground karst collapse. These research results provide theoretical basis and technical support for the protection of geological environment in this area. -
图 3 重庆中梁山地区地面塌陷的形状
Figure 3. Shape of ground collapse in Zhongliangshan area, Chongqing
图 5 景家院子塌陷群和大烂池塌陷群地面塌陷分布与溶槽的位置关系
Figure 5. Relationship between ground collapse distribution and crack position of Jingjiayuanzi collapse group and Dalanchi collapse group
图 14 中梁村降雨增荷与地表水冲蚀作用诱发的岩溶塌陷（塌陷壁发育有地表水冲蚀形成的冲蚀缝）
Figure 14. Karst collapse induced by rainfall load increase and surface water erosion in Zhongliang village（erosion cracks formed by surface water erosion is developed on the collapse wall）
图 15 中梁村因荷载与振动作用诱发的岩溶地面塌陷
Figure 15. Karst ground collapse induced by load and vibration in Zhongliang village
表 1 重庆中梁山地区岩溶地面塌陷与地层和岩性关系表
Table 1.
Relationship between karst ground collapse and strata and lithology in Zhongliangshan area，Chongqing 地层 岩性特征 地面塌陷数/处 占比/% T1 j 中-厚层状灰岩并含有少量的白云岩 303 92.7 T1 f 3 泥岩、微晶灰岩 8 2.4 T2 l 以薄—中厚层白云岩、泥质白云岩为主 16 4.9 
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表 2 地面塌陷与土层厚度分布情况
Table 2.
Ground collapse and distribution of soil layer thickness 土层厚度/m <3 3～5 5～8 8> 合计 处数 18 146 135 28 327 百分比/% 5.5 44.6 41.3 8.6 100
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表 3 中梁山地区岩溶塌陷不同力学机制所占比例
Table 3.
Proportion of different mechanical mechanisms of karst collapse in Zhongliangshan area 所属力学成因机制 岩溶塌陷数量/个 百分比/% 潜蚀作用 166 50.8 真空吸蚀作用 126 38.5 降雨增荷与地表水冲蚀作用 33 10.1 荷载与振动作用 2 0.6
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