Numerical simulation of crystallization blocking in tunnel drainage pipes based on dynamic mesh and level set
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摘要: 岩溶隧址区含水层内的高矿化度地下水渗入排水管道中，由于温压条件的改变，会导致渗流结晶从而堵塞排水管道。为定量化研究隧道排水系统结晶堵塞过程，本文首次构建了考虑管道水动力场、浓度场和化学反应场耦合的排水管岩溶水结晶堵塞模型，采用动网格和水平集方法定量刻画隧道排水系统结晶堵塞过程，开展模拟对比研究，分析温度、流速和溶液浓度等因素对结晶堵塞的影响程度。结果表明：（1）两种方法均能实现结晶堵塞过程的模拟预测，其中动网格方法建模简单，且求解精度高；水平集方法可追踪拓扑结构的变化，模拟管道完全堵塞的过程；（2）纵管内流速普遍大于横管，横管内CaCO3晶体浓度高于纵管，因此结晶堵塞主要发生于横管中；（3）温度和溶液浓度与结晶速率呈正相关关系，管内流速与结晶速率呈负相关关系。本文构建的考虑水动力−化学反应耦合的结晶堵塞数值模型可为岩溶隧道堵塞早期识别与安全评价提供技术支撑。Abstract:
The complex hydrogeological conditions in karst areas lead to frequent water seepage and water gushing disasters in tunnels, which often require supporting drainage systems to prevent and control water hazards. When the karst groundwater with high salinity enters the tunnel drainage pipe, the solubility of soluble salt ions in water changes with the variation of external temperature and pressure conditions, forming saturated solution. Ions crystallize and precipitate, sticking to the inner wall of the drainage pipe, which will contribute to decreasing its flow area. If not treated, in the long run, the drainage pipe will be blocked, resulting in the increase of water pressure in the tunnel lining. Consequently, it is likely to occur a series of tunnel water hazards such as water leakage, water gushing, mud outburst, lining damage, etc., which may seriously threaten the safety of tunnel construction and operation. For quantitative research on the crystallization blocking process of tunnel drainage system, we constructed the blocking model of karst water crystallization in drainage pipes for the first time, coupling with the pipeline hydrodynamic field, the concentration field and the chemical reaction field. Meanwhile, with methods of dynamic mesh and level set, we quantitatively expounded the crystallization blocking process in the tunnel drainage system. We also carried out a comparative study on different simulation technologies to analyze the influence of such factors as temperature, velocity, solute concentration, etc. on the blocking of crystallization. The results show that: (1) Both of the two methods can simulate and predict the crystallizing process, among which the dynamic mesh method is simpler and its solving accuracy is relatively higher, and the level set method can be used to simulate the further deposition after the topological shape has been changed (i.e., completely blocked). (2) Crystallization blocking mainly occurs in the transverse tube, where more crystalline precipitates are developed, because the flow velocity in the longitudinal tube is generally higher than that in the transverse tube, and the CaCO3 crystal concentration in the transverse tube is higher than that in the longitudinal tube. (3) Temperatures and solution concentrations are positively correlated with the crystallization rate, while the flow rate is negatively correlated with it. (4) Given the coupling of hydrodynamic reaction with chemical reactions, the numerical model of crystallization blocking can provide technical support for the early identification and safety evaluation of geological hazards of karst tunnels. -
Key words:
- karst tunnel /
- crystallization blocking /
- numerical simulation /
- dynamic mesh /
- level set
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图 1 管道结晶过程概化图（据Brahim et al.，2003）
Figure 1. Generalization of pipeline crystallization process (based on Brahim et al., 2003)
图 2 结垢过程中的传质动力与析晶动力, 图中cF、cf、cs分别为主流体浓度、垢层附近浓度及碳酸钙的饱和浓度；TF、Tf分别为流体温度及垢层温度.（据Brahim et al.，2003）
Figure 2. Mass transfer forces and crystallization forces during scaling (based on Brahim et al., 2003)
图 4 梁家坡隧道排水管现场结晶情况
Figure 4. Crystallization of the drainage pipe in the Liangjiapo Tunnel
图 5 梁家坡隧道排水系统结构示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the drainage system of the Liangjiapo Tunnel
图 6 “T”字型排水管概念模型及网格剖分图
Figure 6. Conceptual model and mesh division diagram of T-shaped drainage pipe
图 8 排水管CaCO3浓度分布纵剖面图
Figure 8. Longitudinal profile of CaCO3 concentration distribution in the drainage pipe
图 9 排水管速度分布剖面图(100d)
Figure 9. Profile of velocity distribution of the drainage pipe (100d)
图 10 排水管CaCO3浓度场分布图(100d)
Figure 10. Distribution diagram of CaCO3 concentration field in the drainage pipe (100d)
图 11 排水管道内沉积界面分布变化示意图（图中颜色图例表示CaCO3的体积分数）
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of distribution variation of sediment interface in the drainage pipeline
图 12 采用（a）水平集方法与（b）动网格方法模拟完全堵塞的结果对比
（图中颜色图例表示CaCO3晶体的体积分数）
Figure 12. Comparison of blocking results based on (a) level set method and (b) dynamic mesh method
图 13 沉积(md)、剥蚀(mr)及净沉积速率(m)随时间变化曲线图
Figure 13. Curve of deposition, denudation and net deposition rates over time
图 14 不同浓度条件下CaCO3净沉积速率m随时间变化曲线图
Figure 14. Curve of net CaCO3 deposition rate m over time under different concentrations
图 15 不同温度条件下CaCO3净沉积速率m随时间变化曲线图
Figure 15. Curve of CaCO3 net deposition rate m changing with time at different temperatures
图 16 不同流速条件下净沉积速率m随时间变化曲线图
Figure 16. Curve of net deposition rate m over time at different flow rates
图 17 不同流速条件下剥蚀速率mr随时间变化曲线图
Figure 17. Curve of denudation rate mr over time at different flow rates
表 1 模型边界条件设定
Table 1. Setting of model boundary conditions
边界 物理场类型 流场 浓度场 入口 给定流速/流量 给定浓度/通量 出口 自由流出（p = 0） 自由流出（p = 0） 管壁 无滑移 无通量 
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表 3 模型模拟工况设定
Table 3. Setting of model simulation conditions
工况 空白组 对照组 压力/atm 1 1 温度/K 293.15 273.15、283.15、303.15 入口浓度(以Ca2+计)/
mol·m−38.5 6.5、7.5、10 入口流速/m·s−1 0.541 0.3、0.7、0.9
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