Ecological water requirements of crops in typical karst fault-depression basins:A case study of the Mengzi area, Yunnan Province
-
摘要: 从合理调控生态用水角度出发,探讨典型岩溶断陷盆地区农作物生态需水问题。根据蒙自断陷盆地的岩溶地貌特征,分别选取位于盆地、坡面和高原面的大洼子、朵古、牛耳坡3个观测点,利用Penman-Monteith公式、作物系数(FAO推荐)及同期有效降雨量,估算3个观测点2018年的参考蒸散量、生态需水量以及不同作物生长所需的人工灌溉水量。结果表明:(1)大洼子、朵古及牛耳坡的参考蒸散量分别为1 346.10 mm、1 200.00 mm、1 064.30 mm,远大于同期降水量,均呈现出蒸发旺盛的特点,加大了作物对于水分的需求;同时三者的参考蒸散量表现出较为明显的时空差异,使得3个观测点的农业种植条件存在差异;(2)大洼子种植的水稻、小麦、花生、油菜、大豆、马铃薯、葡萄等作物的生态需水定额均远大于大洼子同期的有效降水,在大洼子种植的作物均需要大量人工浇灌才能正常生长,而农作物的种植与其种植条件匹配度不高;(3)朵古及牛耳坡种植的玉米、万寿菊的生态需水定额与同期有效降水之间的差值较小甚至完全满足,表明玉米、万寿菊在高原山区的种植是与当地种植条件相匹配的;而种植在朵古及牛耳坡的苹果、烤烟的生态需水定额与同期有效降水之间的差值较大,表明在高原山区大量种植苹果及烤烟对于人工浇灌要求较高;(4)研究区大部分农作物在生长发育阶段内所需的水分主要依靠人工灌溉,与本地降水分布规律匹配度不高,区内农业结构与种植模式有待调整。在岩溶断陷盆地内要种植耗水较少,对热量要求较高的作物,山区则需要发展具有生态保护和经济效益的作物,但种植的重点区域仍是盆地区。Abstract: The Mengzi fault-depression basin is a typical karst rocky desertification area, Yunnan Province. This area has serious soil erosion and leakage, difficult groundwater utilization, and prominent ecological water shortages, which seriously affect the integrity and health of the regional ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to help better solve the problems of severe water resources shortage and ecological environment problems, and provide reasonable suggestions for the agriculture development in this area. We estimate the reference evapotranspiration, ecological water requirements, and the artificial irrigation water requirements of different crops by using the Penman-Monteith formula, crop coefficients (FAO recommended) and the effective rainfall during the same period at three observation sites (Dawazi, Duogu and Niuerpo) of Mengzi in 2018. The results show that,(1) The reference evapotranspiration of these three places were 1,346.10 mm, 1,200.00 mm and 1,064.30 mm, respectively, much more than the effective rainfall in the same period, indicating the climatic characteristics of strong evaporation, which increased the requirements of crops for water. At the same time, the reference evapotranspiration at three observation points exhibits obvious spatial and temporal differences, which make their agricultural planting conditions different;(2) The ecological water requirements quota of rice, wheat, peanut, rapeseed, soybean, potato and grape grown are much greater than the effective rainfall during the same time in Dawazi, indicating that all the crops planted there require massive irrigation to ensure their normal growth. There is a low matching degree between the kinds of planting crops and the planting background conditions, indicating that the agricultural planting structure in the basin needs to be adjusted in the future;(3) The difference between the effective rainfall and the ecological water requirements quota for corn and marigolds planted in Duogu and Niuerpo in the same period is small or even nearly matched, indicating that the planting of corn and marigold in the mountainous areas matches the local planting conditions.While the difference between the effective rainfall and the ecological water requirement of apple, flue-cured tobacco planted in Duogu and Niuerpo in the same period is large, indicating that large amounts of apples and flue-cured tobacco planted in plateau mountainous areas require more artificial irrigation;(4) The water required by most crops in their growth and development stage in the study area mainly depends on the artificial irrigation, which does not well match with the law of effective rainfall, implying that the agricultural structure and agricultural planting patterns need to be adjusted in this region.In conclusion,this study suggests that some crops with less water consumption and higher heat requirements are suitable for planting in the basin. While some crops with better ecological protection and economic benefits are suitable for planting in the karst mountainous areas.
-
[1] 张丽.基于生态的流域水资源承载能力研究[D].南京:河海大学,2004. [2] 钱正英,张兴斗.中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告——中国工程院“21世纪中国可持续发展水资源战略研究”项目组[J].中国工程科学,2000,2(8):1-17. [3] Smakthin V U. Low flow hydrology: a review [J]. Journal of Hydro1ogy,2001(240):147-186. [4] 宋进喜,王伯铎.生态环境需水与用水概念辨析[J].西北大学学报,2006,36(1):154-156. [5] POIRA. Flow duration and low flow frequency analyses for selected watersheds in the Atlantic Provinces [R]. Canada: Inland Water Directorate, Atlantic Region, Water Resources Branch, 1985:80-85. [6] Petts G E. Water allocation to protect river ecosystems [J]. Regulated River: Research & Management,1996,12:353-356. [7] Gleick P H. Water in crisis: Paths to Sustainable Water Use[J]. Ecological Applications, 1998, 8(3):571-579. [8] Gunter Wriedt , Marijn Vander Velde, Alberto Aloe . Estimating irrigation water requirements in Europe[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 373: 527-544. [9] M L M Graymore,D Mc Bride . Socio-ecological value of wetlands: the dilemma of balancing human and ecological water needs[J]. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management , 2013, 20 (3): 225-241. [10] Gert Everaert , Ine S Pauwels , Pieter Boets . Model-based evaluation of ecological bank design and management in the scope of the european water framework directive[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2013, 53: 144-152. [11] 汤奇成.塔里木盆地水资源和绿洲建设[J]. 自然资源,1989.(6):28-34. [12] 孙雅琦.黑河下游生态需水及生态调度研究[D].西安:西北大学,2017. [13] 郑红星,刘昌明,丰华丽.生态需水的理论内涵探讨[J].水科学进展, 2004, 15(5):626-633. [14] 符静.南方湿润区植被生态需水量估算及其时空分异特征研究:以湖南省为例[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2018. [15] 张丽,董增川,丁大发.生态需水研究进展及存在问题[J].中国农村水利水电,2003(1):13-15. [16] 贾宝全.干旱区生态用水的概念和分类:以新疆为例[J].干旱区地理,1998,21(2):9-12. [17] 梁瑞驹,王芳,杨晓柳.中国西北地区的生态需水[A].中国水利学会2000学术年会论文集.中国三峡出版社,2000:71-75. [18] 潘启民.黑河流域生态需水量分析[J].黄河水利职业技术学院学报,2001,13(1):14-16. [19] 张远,杨志峰.林地生态需水计算方法与应用[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(12): 1566-1570. [20] 王芳,梁瑞驹,杨小柳,等.中国西北地区生态需水研究(1):干旱半干旱地区生态需水理论分析[J].自然资源学报,2002,17 (1):1-8. [21] 闵庆文, 何永涛, 李文华,等. 基于农业气象学原理的林地生态需水量估算:以泾河流域为例[J]. 生态学报, 2004(10):2130-2135. [22] 王根绪,程国栋.干旱内陆流域生态需水量及其估算:以黑河流域为例[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(2):129-134 [23] Thevs N, Peng H, Rozi A, et al. Water allocation and water consumption of irrigated agriculture and natural vegetation in the Aksu-Tarim river basin, Xinjiang, China[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2015, 112(pt.a):87-97. [24] 吴建强,李林,谭娟,等.峰丛洼地植被生态需水定额及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2018,38(19):6894-6901. [25] 陈乐.石羊河流域面向生态的水资源优化配置研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2014. [26] 周晓东.基于GIS的云南小江流域植被生态需水分布规律[D].北京:中国地质科学院,2017. [27] 王岳川.桂林市桃花江流域生态环境需水量研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2006. [28] 王岳川,龙腾锐,姜文超,等.桂林市桃花江流域生态环境需水量的初步研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2007,29(3):102-105. [29] 侯琨,王秀茹,杜晓,等.桂林市桃花江流域生态环境需水量分析[J].水土保持研究, 2015(04):338-341. [30] 吴卫熊,吴建强,何令祖,等.岩溶峰丛洼地植被生态需水计算及案例分析[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2017:1-8. [31] 吴建强,李林,谭娟,等.峰丛洼地植被生态需水定额及其影响因素[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(19):111-119. [32] 李坤峰.石漠化区植被生态需水量研究及种植模式探讨:以重庆市南川区为例[D].重庆:西南大学,2009. [33] 王宇,张华,张贵,等.喀斯特断陷盆地环境地质分区及功能[J].中国岩溶,2017,36(3):283-295. [34] Li J , Pu J , Zhang T , et al. Measurable sediment discharge from a karst underground river in southwestern China: temporal variabilities and controlling factors[J]. Environmental Geology, 2020, 79(4):90.1-90.18. [35] 蓝芙宁,劳文科.南洞地下河流域水文地质综合调查成果报告[R].桂林:中国地质科学院,岩溶地质研究所,2016. [36] 国家统计局.云南省统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2018. [37] Allen R G, Pereira L S, Raes D, Smith M. Crop Evapotranspiration Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements[M]. Rome: FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper,1998. [38] 陈丽华,王礼先.北京市生态用水分类及森林植被生态用水定额的确定[J].水土保持研究,2002,8(4):161-164. [39] Saeid Sajedipour ,Heidar Zarei ,Somayeh Oryan . Estimation of environmental water requirements via an ecological approach: A case study of Bakhtegan Lake, Iran[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,100:246-255. [40] Dengkai Chi, Hong Wang, Xiaobing Li,et al. Estimation of the ecological water requirement for natural vegetation in the Ergune River basin in Northeastern China from 2001 to 2014[J]. Ecological Indicators,2018,92:141-150. [41] 贾志军,韩琳,王鸽,等.三江平原典型下垫面FAO Penman-Monteith 模型适用性分析[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(5):1327-1334. [42] Sahin U, Kuslu Y, Tune P, Kiziloglu F M. Determining crop and pan coefficients for cauliflower and red cabbage crops under cool season semiarid climatic condition[J]. Agricultural Sciences in China,2009,8(2):167-171. [43] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Land and Water Division. The ET0 Calculator Reference Manual [M].Rome, Italy, 2012:3-17. [44] 王赛男,蒲俊兵,李建鸿,等.岩溶断陷盆地“盆-山”耦合地形影响下的气候特征及其对石漠化生态恢复的影响探讨[J].中国岩溶,2019,38(1):50-59. [45] 韩昭庆.清中叶至民国玉米种植与贵州石漠化变迁的关系[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2015,57(4):91-99. [46] 王炳亮,李国胜.1961-2010 年辽河三角洲参考蒸散发变化特征及主导因子分析[J].地理科学,2014,34(10):1233-1238. [47] 曹雯,申双和,段春锋.西北地区生长季参考作物蒸散变化成因的定量分析[J].地理学报,2011,66(3):407-415. [48] 尹云鹤,吴绍洪,戴尔阜.1971-2008 年我国潜在蒸散时空演变的归因[J].科学通报,2010,55(22):2226-2234.
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 1862
- HTML浏览量: 642
- PDF下载量: 276
- 被引次数: 0