从“漏斗”到“天坑”看岩溶学术语的演变
An example of karst terminology evolution: from “Dolina” to “Tiankeng”
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摘要: 岩溶学是一门发展变化的科学,岩溶学术语也与时俱进。以术语“漏斗(doline)”为例,它来源于斯洛文尼亚喀斯特地区的方言,意思是谷地。19世纪上半叶随着岩溶学的发展,喀斯特高原的漏斗状地形逐渐引起研究者们的注意,德语系的奥地利地质学家们将这种地形定义为“漏斗(dolines,复数)”,相当于德语的Trichter(漏斗)。因此,在19世纪下半叶奥地利地质学家的出版物中,普遍使用这一概念。在塞尔维亚语中,doline一般也是指谷地。因此,Cviji?在塞尔维亚语文献中不再使用dolina表示漏斗状地形,而是用vrta?a。vrta?a和我们今天使用的doline的内涵非常相近,而且在法语、德语、意大利语、英语、克罗地亚语均有相似的词汇。在20世纪中期以前,斯洛文尼亚的地理学家们为了避免使用dolina引起歧义,对于漏斗状的地形也均用vrta?a表达。根据漏斗的形态,Cviji?将其分为三种,即碗状漏斗、漏斗状漏斗和井状漏斗。随着对漏斗状地形的深入研究,V. Pano?’s根据漏斗的不同发育阶段、漏斗的成因、漏斗的形态及覆盖类型等,又将漏斗分为30种。根据最新的岩溶百科全书,按照英语的命名原则,漏斗(dolines/sinkholes)共有冲积漏斗、埋藏漏斗、塌陷漏斗、溶蚀漏斗、潜蚀漏斗等15种。值得一提的是,随着、中国岩溶研究的深入及中西方岩溶交流的加强,在表述中国岩溶地貌以及更大范围热带和亚热带岩溶地貌时,汉语词汇如石林、峰丛和峰林也被引入到岩溶学术语中;而且随着中国岩溶地区可进入性的增强,新的岩溶地貌也随之被发现,如上个世纪末,在中国南方发现了许多大型的塌陷漏斗,有的直径和深度均超过500m,朱学稳依据这些漏斗的形态、成因和演化过程,将它们命名为天坑。Abstract: Karstology is a living science and the terminology has to follow its evolution. An example is the term doline. The first scientific descriptions (1848) of the region Kras (Karst, Slovenia) introduced the term, taken from the local language. It meant what we now call a solution doline. Under the same name a collapse doline was included. For quite a long time geologists used the term doline for a collapse doline. They called other types of dolines “Trichter” (funnel). In Cviji?’s “Karst ph?nomen” the chapter Doline covers all smaller depressions, except uvalas and poljes. This means not only solution dolines and collapse dolines but also shafts, ponors, some karst springs and some entrances to the caves. Precision related to the term dolina in other languages is often lacking too. From American literature we got the word sinkhole. It also has several meanings. Few years ago Chinese researchers started to introduce Chinese term tiankeng for a collapse doline. Future will show if we are going to get another term for collapse doline or a new term for a special type of a collapse doline.
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Key words:
- karst terminology /
- doline /
- collapse doline /
- tiankeng
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