Application of integrated geophysical exploration methods for target area selection in the geothermal field of Xianxian county
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摘要: 为查明献县东南区块深部地热资源分布及控热构造，支撑基岩裂隙型热储开发，采用大地电磁测深法（MT）与微动探测法相结合的综合物探技术，结合钻探验证。研究区位于渤海湾盆地沧县隆起–献县凸起北部，
4000 m以浅地层包括新生界、中生界、古生界及中上元古界。野外布设大地电磁法测深剖面5条（28.67 km，60个测点），采用V8电法仪记录正交电磁场分量，通过一维（Bostick）、二维（RRI、Occam）等反演获取电性结构；微动探测剖面1条（8.54 km，19个测点），利用EPS-D10宽频地震仪提取瑞雷波频散曲线反演地下横波速度，两种方法相互约束以降低物探多解性。结果表明：①识别出6条次级断裂及破碎带，主要位于西北部，为地热流体运移通道；②明确新生界第四系底界埋深415~471 m、新近系底界980~1420 m，蓟县系雾迷山组顶界980~1430 m，且呈现“西北深、东南浅”的分布特征；③新生界地温梯度3.5~4.0 ℃·(100 m)−1，基岩地温梯度1~1.5 ℃·(100 m)−1，蓟县系雾迷山组热储中部温度70~80 ℃，呈西北高东南低特征；④圈定适宜地热开采区，中上元古界蓟县系岩溶裂隙热储全区分布，热储厚度500~600 m，涌水量57~140.19 m3·h−1，单位涌水量0.266~8.67 m3·(h·m)−1。献县东南探采1井（井深2508 m，水温70 ℃，水量100 m3·h−1）验证，物探解译与实钻数据相吻合。研究证实，大地电磁测深法与微动探测法的联合应用可有效刻画地热地质结构，成果可为献县地热资源科学开发及区域“双碳”目标实现提供技术支撑。Abstract:Xianxian county is recognized as "the largest geothermal enrichment area in North China," boasting abundant medium- and low-temperature geothermal resources. To address the limited understanding of deep geothermal resource distribution and the development of heat-controlling structures in the southeastern block of Xianxian county, and to support the large-scale development of bedrock fracture-type thermal reservoirs, this study employed an integrated geophysical exploration approach combining the magnetotelluric (MT) method and microtremor surveys. It involved the exploration and interpretation of stratigraphic, fault, and thermal reservoir characteristics in the study area, with the reliability of the results verified using drilling data. The study area is located in the northern part of the Xianxian uplift in the Cangxian uplift, within the Bohai Bay Basin. Within a depth of 4,000 m, the stratigraphic sequence from top to bottom includes the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, and Middle-Upper Proterozoic Erathems. For fieldwork, five MT profiles were deployed, totaling 28.67 km in length with 60 survey points. A V8 electrical instrument recorded orthogonal electromagnetic field components, and electrical structures were derived through multi-method inversion techniques, including 1D Bostick, 2D RRI, and 2D Occam. For microtremor surveys, one profile was established, measuring 8.54 km with 19 survey points. An EPS-D10 broadband seismograph was used to extract Rayleigh wave dispersion curves, which were then inverted to determine the underground shear wave velocity structure. The two methods constrained each other to reduce geophysical non-uniqueness. The results show: (1) Six secondary faults and fractured zones were identified, mainly distributed in the northwest of the study area. Well-developed fractures around fault zones provide channels for geothermal fluid migration, making them key targets for drilling. (2) Burial depths of the top and bottom boundaries of major strata were clarified: the bottom boundary of the Quaternary system (Cenozoic) ranges from 415 to 471 m; the bottom boundary of the Neogene system ranges from 980 to 1420 m; and the top boundary of the Wumishan formation (Jixian system, middle-upper Proterozoic) ranges from 980 to 1,430 m. The strata exhibit a pattern of deeper burial in the northwest and shallower burial in the southeast. (3) Geothermal gradient characteristics were revealed: the highest heating rates occur in the Cenozoic and Mesozoic strata, with the Cenozoic geothermal gradient ranging from 3.5 to 4.0 ℃·(100m)−1; upon entering the middle-upper Proterozoic basement, the heating rate decreases with bedrock geothermal gradients ranging from 1.0 to1.5 ℃·(100m)−1. The temperature in the middle of the Wumishan formation thermal reservoir is 70 to 80 ℃, gradually decreasing from northwest to southeast. (4) Suitable and relatively suitable geothermal mining areas were delineated. Karst-fracture thermal reservoirs of the Jixian system (middle-upper Proterozoic) are distributed throughout the area, with thermal reservoir thickness of 500 to 600 m, water inflow rates of 57 to 140.19 m3·h−1, and specific water inflow rates of 0.27 to 8.67 m3·(h·m)−1. Verification through Exploration-Production Well 1 in southeastern Xianxian county (well depth: 2,508 m; water temperature: 70 ℃; water inflow: 100 m3·h−1) shows high consistency between geophysically interpreted stratigraphic sequences and burial depths and actual drilling data. This study confirms that the combined application of MT and microtremor methods effectively characterizes geothermal geological structures, providing technical support for the scientific development of Xianxian country's geothermal resources and the achievement of regional "dual carbon" goals. -
图 2 研究区新生界地温梯度等值线图
Figure 2. Geothermal gradient contour map of the Cenozoic Erathem in the study area
图 3 献县区域地热井井温曲线图
Figure 3. Well temperature curves of geothermal wells in the Xianxian area
图 4 大地电磁测深法L1测线综合解释剖面图（左：视电阻率等值线图，右：地层埋深剖面解释图）
Figure 4. Comprehensive interpretation profile of MT Survey Line L1 (Left: Contour map of apparent resistivity; Right: Interpretation map of stratigraphic burial depth profile)
图 5 大地电磁测深法L2测线综合解释剖面图（左：视电阻率等值线图，右：地层埋深剖面解释图）
Figure 5. Comprehensive interpretation profile of MT Survey Line L2 (Left:Contour map of apparent resistivity; Right: Interpretation map of stratigraphic burial depth profile)
图 6 大地电磁测深法L3测线综合解释剖面图（左：视电阻率等值线图，右：地层埋深剖面解释图）
Figure 6. Comprehensive interpretation profile of MT Survey Line L3 (Left:Contour map of apparent resistivity; Right: Interpretation map of stratigraphic burial depth profile)
图 7 大地电磁测深法L4测线综合解释剖面图（左：视电阻率等值线图，右：地层埋深剖面解释图）
Figure 7. Comprehensive interpretation profile of MT Survey Line L4 (Left:Contour map of apparent resistivity; Right: Interpretation map of stratigraphic burial depth profile)
图 8 大地电磁测深法L5测线综合解释剖面（上：视电阻率等值线图，下：地层埋深剖面解释图）
Figure 8. Comprehensive interpretation profile of MT Survey Line L5 (Top:Contour map of apparent resistivity; Bottom: Interpretation map of stratigraphic burial depth profile)
图 9 微动测线视横波等值线图及地球物理—地质推断图（上：视横波等值线图，下：地层埋深剖面解释图）
Figure 9. Contour map of apparent shear wave and map of geophysical-geological inference map of microtremor survey line (Top: Contour map of apparent shear wave; Bottom: Interpretation map of stratigraphic burial depth profile)
图 10 研究区次级断裂平面位置图
Figure 10. Planar location map of secondary faults in the study area
图 11 研究区蓟县系雾迷山组地层埋深等值线图
Figure 11. Contour map of formation burial depth of the Wumishan formation in the Jixian system in the study area
表 1 献县已有地热井利用层段及热储中部温度表
Table 1. Utilized intervals and middle part temperatures of geothermal reservoirs in Xianxian country
井名 利用层段/m 热储中部温度/℃ 北邱庄1井 1461.54 2026.10 78.6 北邱庄2井 1198.85 1794.87 75.3 龙韵城1井 1291.66 1987.57 82.0 日新1井 1196.34 1840.81 75.6 日新2井 1186.21 1841.45 79.5 孟圈村西3井 1006.27 1600.81 74.6 孟圈村西4井 1003.69 1606.92 71.2 西方屯D17-X 1261.30 2079.00 93.7 
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表 2 研究区不同岩性电阻率参数一览表
Table 2. List of resistivity parameters for different typesof lithology in the study area
地层 岩性 电阻率变化范围/（Ω·m） 第四系 亚砂土、亚黏土 ＜40 新近系 泥岩、砂岩 4~30 蓟县系 白云岩 20~150 长城系 白云岩 ＞40
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表 3 测点预测地层深度与地热井实钻地层深度对比表
Table 3. Comparison between predicted formation depths at survey points and actual drilled formation depth of geothermal wells
地层 L1测线点号或井名位置内地层深度/m 3点 LYC1井 4点 RX1井 第四系 440 440.00 450 449.98 新近系 1291 1291.07 1196 1196.34 蓟县系雾迷山组 3185 1987.57 ▽3165 1840.81 ▽蓟县系杨庄组 3710 / 3690 / 长城系高于庄组 4000 / 4000 /
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表 4 测点预测地层深度与地热井实钻地层深度对比表
Table 4. Comparison between predicted formation depths at survey points and actual drilled formation depths of geothermal wells
地层 L2测线点号或井名位置内地层深度/m 4点 SZX18-X井 第四系 455 454.97 新近系 1288 1228.55 蓟县系雾迷山组 2990 2078.98 ▽蓟县系杨庄组 3490 / 长城系高于庄组 4000 /
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表 5 测点预测地层深度与地热井实钻地层深度对比表
Table 5. Comparison between predicted formation depths at survey points and actual drilled formation depth of geothermal wells
地层 L5测线点号或井名位置内地层深度/m 9点 MQC4井 第四系 460 399.99 新近系 1001 999.21 蓟县系雾迷山组 3110 1601.00 ▽蓟县系杨庄组 3580 / 长城系高于庄组 4000 / 注：▽地层未钻穿
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表 6 献县东南区块探井实钻分层表
Table 6. Stratification of actual drilled exploration wells in the southeast block of Xianxian country
地层 底界埋深/m 岩性 第四系平原组 405 上部浅黄色黏土层，棕黄色砂砾岩，灰黄色、棕黄色、泥岩、细砂岩，下部棕黄色、棕红色泥岩、砂质泥岩不等厚互层，底部为棕红色砂岩 新近系明化镇组 1000 以紫红色、棕红色泥岩、砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩与灰色、灰绿色、灰白色砂砾岩、细砂岩呈不等厚互层 蓟县系洪水庄组 1 830 为浅海相泥质沉积，主要由黑、黑绿色页岩组成，下部夹薄层白云岩，上部夹薄层砂岩 蓟县系雾迷山组 3103 岩性主要为黄灰色、浅灰色、灰白色白云岩、薄层泥质白云岩，局部见燧石条带。白云岩质较纯
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