Application of microtremor exploration for karst investigation in the construction area of a highway,Guangxi
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摘要: 岩溶塌陷灾害因其隐蔽性强、成因复杂，对工程建设安全构成重大威胁。如何实现岩溶隐蔽发育区地质灾害的高精度探测，已成为工程地质领域亟需解决的核心问题。文章以广西融安县某高速公路岩溶塌陷区为研究对象，系统开展了微动探测技术在岩溶勘查中的应用研究。研究通过直线型台阵布置，采用扩展空间自相关方法提取瑞雷波频散曲线，并结合遗传算法进行非线性反演，构建了地下视横波速度结构模型，同时利用钻探资料进行结果验证。研究表明，微动探测识别出的低波速异常区与已知塌陷位置高度吻合，能够精确揭示岩溶空洞、溶蚀管道及裂隙带的水平分布和垂向展布特征。Abstract:
Karst collapses are major geological hazards that severely threaten the safety of engineering infrastructure due to their concealed nature, complex formation mechanisms, and sudden occurrence. These hazards are particularly prevalent in regions with extensive carbonate rock exposure and active groundwater systems, such as southwest China. Detecting and characterizing concealed karst features with high accuracy is a critical challenge for geotechnical engineering and hazard prevention. This study systematically investigates the application of microtremor exploration technique for detailed karst detection and evaluates its effectiveness through a case study of a collapse-prone section of a highway in Rong’an County, Guangxi, China. Karst terrains are formed by the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks under hydrodynamic and climatic conditions, covering large areas worldwide and creating complex subsurface environments prone to hazards such as sinkholes, subsidence, and uneven settlement. Traditional methods for karst detection, including geological mapping, borehole drilling, and geophysical surveys, face limitations in urban or densely populated areas. Geological surveys often lack precision for concealed voids; drilling provides direct evidence but is expensive and spatially discontinuous; and conventional geophysical techniques, such as electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction, and ground-penetrating radar, suffer from shallow penetration, sensitivity to noise, or operational constraints in complex environments. Microtremor exploration, which uses ambient vibrations as the natural energy source, has emerged as a promising non-invasive alternative. This technique extracts Rayleigh-wave dispersion characteristics from recorded microtremor signals and applies inversion algorithms to construct subsurface shear-wave velocity models. Since karst cavities and dissolution zones exhibit low density and reduced rigidity, they appear as low-Vs anomalies, providing a diagnostic indicator for detection. The research area lies within a complex structural zone at the southern margin of the Jiangnan ancient landmass, characterized by multiple folding and faulting events. The lithology includes thick sequences of limestone, dolomite, and marl interbedded with clastic sediments, creating ideal conditions for karst development. Abundant fractures and active groundwater circulation further accelerate dissolution processes. During construction of Pier No. 1 on an elevated highway bridge, sudden ground collapse and adjacent building cracks occurred, indicating active subsurface karst processes. The site posed challenges for conventional surveys due to dense residential housing, high traffic flow, and limited space for large-scale instrument deployment, making microtremor exploration the preferred choice. A linear microtremor array configuration was adopted to balance detection resolution and operational efficiency under spatial constraints. Thirteen stations were deployed with a 2 m spacing along two profiles: Line 1 (100 m length) crossing a known collapse zone and Line 2 (20 m length) near damaged residential buildings. Each station was precisely positioned using Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS to achieve centimeter-level accuracy. Special attention was given to station−ground coupling through excavation and backfilling with clay for loose soils or gypsum bonding for hard surfaces. Continuous microtremor recordings were acquired for 15 minutes per station, ensuring adequate signal quality and noise suppression. Data preprocessing involved noise filtering, Fourier and wavelet spectral analysis, and bandpass filtering to enhance signal fidelity. Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves were extracted using the Extended Spatial Autocorrelation (ESPAC) method, which improves resolution for complex arrays through multi-station cross-correlation and Bessel function fitting. Nonlinear inversion was performed using a genetic algorithm, iteratively adjusting model parameters until synthetic and observed dispersion curves achieved optimal fit. The final Vs models were visualized using contour mapping to highlight lateral and vertical heterogeneities. Profile analysis revealed distinct four-layer stratigraphy: (1) 2 to 3 m thick Quaternary fill and fluvial-alluvial clayey soil (Vs = 100 to 220 m·s−1); (2) 3 to 8 m thick strongly weathered limestone (Vs = 220 to 340 m·s−1); (3) Moderately weathered limestone (Vs = 340 to 460 m·s−1); (4) Weakly weathered limestone and unweathered limestone (Vs = 460 to 1180 m·s−1). Multiple low-Vs anomalies (100 to 340 m·s−1) were identified within the bedrock, appearing as funnel-shaped or Y-shaped zones extending to depths of 8 to 23 m. Line 1 revealed five major anomalies, including a continuous 50 m-long zone at 8 to 16 m depth corresponding to known collapse locations. Line 2 detected a prominent Y-shaped anomaly beneath cracked buildings, indicating dissolution conduits and fracture networks linked to uneven settlement.Borehole verification at key anomaly locations confirmed the presence of karst features. For example, borehole ZK1 intersected cavities and fractures filled with severely fractured and disintegrated limestone at 10 to 14 m depth, matching the Line 1 anomaly. Similarly, borehole ZK2 intersected poorly consolidated material at 12 to 14 m depth within the Line 2 anomaly. These findings validate the reliability of microtremor exploration in delineating karst features with high accuracy. Compared with conventional methods, microtremor exploration demonstrated clear advantages: (1) Strong spatial resolution for identifying both horizontal and vertical karst structures; (2) Adaptability to urban environments without the need for artificial seismic sources; and (3) Minimal environmental impact. However, limitations include sensitivity to station coupling and reduced resolution for deep structures, the future research are suggested focusing on the multi-array joint inversion and low-frequency enhancement techniques. This study demonstrates the microtremor exploration technique, combined with ESPAC dispersion analysis and genetic algorithm inversion, provides an effective and non-invasive approach for high-resolution karst detection in complex environments. The method successfully identified concealed cavities, dissolution channels, and fracture zones that were later confirmed by drilling. Its proven capability to operate under space-constrained and noise-prone conditions makes it an essential tool for risk assessment and hazard mitigation in engineering projects across karst terrains. -
图 1 研究区地质背景图
（a.研究区位置， b.广西构造背景图， c.融安县地层与岩溶分布图）
Figure 1. Geological map of the study area
(a. Location of the study area, b. Tectonic background map of Guangxi, c. Stratigraphic and karst distribution map of Rong'an County)
图 3 常用台站阵型
（a.三线型台站， b. 嵌套三角形型台站， c. T型台站， d. 直线型台站）
Figure 3. Common microtremor array configurations
(a. Three-line array, b. Nested triangular array, c. T-type array, d. Linear array)
图 4 测区及测线分布示意图
（a.测区概况图, b. 1号线测量, c. 2号线测量）
Figure 4. Layout of survey area and measurement lines
(a. Overview of the survey area, b. Measurement along Line 1, c. Measurement along Line 2)
图 6 1号线某点频散谱
（a.瑞雷波频散曲线, b.反演结果）
Figure 6. Dispersion spectrum of a station on Line 1
(a. Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve, b. Inversion result)
图 7 反演1号线某点S波速度结构
（a.模型对比图, b.瑞雷波频散曲线, c.拟合误差）
Figure 7. Shear-wave velocity structure inverted from a station on Line 1
(a. Comparison of models, b. Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve, c. Fitting error)
图 8 1号线地层视横波波速剖面等值线图
Figure 8. Contour map of apparent shear-wave velocity along Line 1
图 9 2号线地层视横波波速剖面等值线图
Figure 9. Contour map of apparent shear-wave velocity along Line 2
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