Hydrochemical evolution of karst groundwater under the mining influence in Beiya Mine, Northwest Yunnan Province
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摘要: 为探究矿业活动对地下水化学演化的影响及矿坑充水水源变化，文章以云南省北衙矿区岩溶地下水为研究对象，基于2010—2023年共采集水样97件，运用 Piper 三线图、离子比例系数等方法，对北衙矿区岩溶水化学演化规律及矿坑充水水源类别进行了讨论。结果表明：受矿山开采扰动影响，矿坑水整体TDS、Na+、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$浓度有升高趋势，水化学类型从碳酸钙水向硫酸钙、硫酸钠水演化。矿坑水发生了明显的混合作用，浅层地下水属HCO3-Ca·Mg水或 HCO3- Mg·Ca水，构造带及深层地下水属SO4-Na·Ca水、HCO3-Na水，灰岩与斑岩体接触带岩溶水属HCO3·SO4-Na、HCO3-Na水。水体中Ca2+、Mg2+和${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$主要由碳酸盐矿物的溶解作用形成，Na+则源自含钠矿物的风化溶解过程以及深部低温热水，${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$则是由金属硫化物氧化作用产生的，第四系孔隙水${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$受开采爆破及农业生产影响。研究区岩溶水化学受矿床开采、混合作用和水–岩相互作用控制，矿业活动是岩溶水系统中水化学特征变化的主要影响因素。Abstract:
The Beiya Gold Mine in Yunnan Province, a karst water-filled mine, is a typical skarn-porphyry type deposit in China. Its groundwater has been imbalanced for a long time caused by mining activities, which have affected or damaged the aquifer to varying degrees. This has resulted in continuous changes of the groundwater dynamic and chemical fields, forming a typical groundwater system influenced by human activities. To reveal the impact of mining activities on the chemical evolution of groundwater and changes in the water sources used for mine pit filling, this study analyzed the water chemical evolution under long-term mining conditions. It also examined the implications of conventional components of the karst groundwater chemistry in the Beiya mining area for changes in water filling sources used to fill in the mine pit. This study employed Piper tri-linear diagrams and ion ratio methods, based on water chemical data from different mining stages. Research indicates the followings: (1) Influenced by mining activities, the overall concentrations of TDS, Na+, ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, and ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ have increased, with the concentrations of Na+ and ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ rising significantly in deep mining zones. The water chemical evolved from calcium-carbonate water to calcium sulfate and sodium sulfate types, while the chemistry of karst spring water is less affected by mining activities. (2) Significant mixing occurred in mine pit water. Initially, shallow groundwater was identified as HCO3-Ca·Mg water or HCO3-Mg·Ca water, whereas groundwater in structural zones and deep layers was classified as SO4-Na·Ca water or HCO3-Na water. Karst water in the contact zone between limestone and porphyritic rock belongs to HCO3·SO4-Na and HCO3-Na types. The water gushing points at 1,614 m on the southwest side and 1,564 m on the southeast side of the mining pit exhibit similar hydrochemical types-HCO3-Ca·Mg water or HCO3-Mg·Ca water-indicating a close hydraulic connection and a common water source. (3) The karst water chemistry in the study area is mainly controlled by carbonate water-rock reaction. Ca2+, Mg2+ and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ in groundwater and surface water mainly originate from carbonate dissolution. Na+ in shallow zones derives from the weathering and dissolution of porphyry, while in deep zones, it mainly comes from the dissolution of sodium-containing feldspar sandstone and underground low-temperature geothermal water. ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ is mainly affected by mining activities and originates from the oxidation of metal sulfides. ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ in the shallow Quaternary pore water is mainly affected by agricultural activities and mining blasting operations. (4) The hydrochemistry of karst water in the study area is controlled by mining activities, mixing processes, and water-rock interactions. Mining activities constitute the primary factor influencing hydrochemical characteristics wthin the karst system. With the gradual progression of deep mining, the confinement of the aquifers is compromised, and the rate of groundwater circulation increases,thereby affecting the intensity of water-rock interactions. It is recommended that mining schemes be optimized to improve the comprehensive utilization effeciency of water resources,and that a robust environmental monitoring system for surface water and groundwater be established to protect the karst aquatic environment. -
Key words:
- karst groundwater /
- hydrochemical evolution /
- water-filling sources /
- Beiya Mine
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图 1 北衙矿区地质图及采样点分布图
Figure 1. Geological map and distribution of sampling locations of Beiya Mine
图 2 北衙矿区不同水体离子浓度变化特征
Figure 2. Variation characteristics of ion concentrations in different water bodies of Beiya Mine
图 3 北衙矿区不同水体水化学Piper图
Figure 3. Piper diagram of hydrochemistry in different water bodies of Beiya Mine
图 4 研究区水体主要离子组分关系
Figure 4. Relationship between the main ion components in the water body of the study area
表 1 北衙矿区水化学指标统计值
Table 1. Statistical values of hydrochemical index in Beiya Mine
水样
类型样品数量/
件Value TDS/
mg∙L−1pH K+/
mg∙L−1Na+/
mg∙L−1Ca2+/
mg∙L−1Mg2+/
mg∙L−1Cl−/
mg∙L−1SO$_4^{2-}$/
mg∙L−1HCO$_3^{-}$/
mg∙L−1CO$_3^{2-}$/
mg∙L−1NO$_3^{-}$/
mg∙L−1锅厂河
(扰动前)6 Mean 273.32 7.77 0.72 9.95 32.95 24.36 2.23 12.46 212.55 8.35 2.08 Max 317.72 8.30 1.20 18.50 55.07 34.56 6.32 36.78 270.80 16.24 4.00 Min 242.69 7.00 0 7.40 8.14 15.75 0 0 169.88 0 0 Sd. 26.98 0.50 0.39 4.27 15.82 6.01 2.88 12.72 42.18 6.95 1.72 锅厂河
(扰动后)6 Mean 448.42 7.80 3.38 10.33 85.19 32.24 5.25 158.18 206.01 3.62 6.96 Max 760.47 8.36 8.77 18.08 163.30 36.30 10.59 400.00 230.00 15.50 12.70 Min 253.70 7.20 1.52 4.02 27.66 21.60 2.55 49.20 182.00 0.00 3.57 Sd. 229.57 0.48 2.72 5.60 44.85 5.70 2.84 130.55 19.51 6.33 3.48 岩溶泉
(扰动前)12 Mean 282.91 7.33 1.13 9.18 47.47 22.62 4.77 5.99 269.40 0 3.42 Max 356.16 7.70 2.50 14.00 71.05 33.76 15.42 12.00 409.50 20.00 Min 201.36 7.00 0.50 7.00 27.96 11.01 0 0 213.81 0 Sd. 56.09 0.23 0.61 1.89 15.06 7.26 4.30 5.80 65.02 5.82 岩溶泉
(扰动后)14 Mean 213.91 7.73 1.63 7.93 54.12 16.82 2.42 15.05 228.05 1.11 6.54 Max 331.00 8.20 5.65 33.20 78.20 43.30 7.62 32.80 374.40 15.50 20.44 Min 71.00 7.20 0.82 1.13 32.90 2.41 0.64 1.96 141.60 0 0.23 Sd. 59.54 0.46 1.29 9.08 14.09 11.18 1.77 9.79 64.94 4.14 6.50 钻孔地下水
(扰动前)12 Mean 364.16 8.13 3.67 33.07 47.77 28.05 4.52 42.58 309.79 9.14 2.42 Max 770.59 13.50 16.40 135.50 111.30 48.36 7.00 405.00 459.01 94.18 14.00 Min 179.60 7.20 0.10 0.10 21.97 1.32 1.68 0.00 94.18 0 0 Sd. 164.17 1.71 4.68 36.82 23.26 12.34 1.82 115.19 101.95 26.86 4.29 钻孔地下水
(扰动后)5 Mean 269.40 8.22 2.99 29.90 39.10 16.18 5.93 17.77 247.76 2.48 / Max 341.00 8.50 6.59 112.00 53.80 32.50 17.80 44.60 333.00 12.40 / Min 198.00 7.58 0.70 1.08 14.70 2.99 1.64 3.35 182.47 0 / Sd. 57.87 0.37 2.17 46.23 15.76 12.38 6.70 16.03 65.95 5.55 / 矿坑第四系孔隙水
(扰动前)3 Mean 501.81 7.17 2.67 16.63 67.64 29.01 12.20 36.33 295.33 0 35.33 Max 560.99 7.40 2.80 17.50 88.92 38.78 13.86 45.00 319.92 60.00 Min 455.99 6.90 2.50 16.00 49.93 21.09 10.50 32.00 279.02 16.00 Sd. 53.76 0.25 0.15 0.78 19.74 8.99 1.68 7.51 21.67 22.48 矿坑第四系孔隙水
(扰动后)6 Mean 374.41 7.68 2.98 11.93 66.25 35.65 16.99 47.42 231.08 0 70.85 Max 492.00 7.90 3.31 20.40 99.50 59.23 20.58 92.80 273.70 111.91 Min 262.00 7.10 2.59 5.63 30.91 19.30 12.40 25.00 144.70 19.50 Sd. 74.50 0.39 0.32 6.32 27.93 15.14 3.42 25.80 48.20 38.66 矿坑北衙组岩溶水
(扰动前)2 Mean 493.34 7.65 2.30 20.00 45.55 36.01 0.88 14.00 346.49 0 2.25 Max 505.75 7.70 3.00 26.00 67.12 43.63 1.75 14.00 347.36 4.00 Min 480.93 7.60 1.60 14.00 23.97 28.39 0 14.00 345.62 0.50 Sd. 17.55 0.07 0.99 8.49 30.51 10.78 1.24 0 1.23 2.47 矿坑北衙组岩溶水
(扰动后)27 Mean 283.73 7.86 2.22 22.45 41.15 30.49 2.85 27.02 269.08 3.82 8.13 Max 440.07 8.25 4.25 123.56 57.80 50.59 6.86 95.68 383.59 21.70 13.10 Min 197.00 7.10 0.99 2.06 16.27 11.01 0.50 3.62 207.60 0 2.32 Sd. 69.33 0.40 0.88 34.63 12.32 10.51 1.68 26.86 43.39 6.44 4.04 坑底积水塘
(扰动前)1 Mean 268.53 7.60 1.50 6.00 33.23 43.99 0 4.00 329.64 0 14.99 Max Min Sd. 坑底积水塘
(扰动后)4 Mean 381.72 7.90 3.85 45.01 58.44 41.83 2.50 159.15 253.10 6.20 6.60 Max 386.25 8.43 4.49 56.23 119.00 78.10 4.57 364.00 300.73 18.60 10.62 Min 377.18 7.20 3.28 27.70 25.40 26.80 0 80.00 198.00 0 3.90 Sd. 6.41 0.54 0.59 12.19 42.27 24.27 1.89 136.79 45.46 8.77 3.55 
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